Religious Beliefs and Practices In A New Era Essay

Assess the view that religious beliefs and practices are changing to reflect a new era of diversity and choice. Current religious beliefs and practices are very different in Britain from 100 years ago. No longer do the masses attend the established church, attendance is down to 6% of the population and the 2001 Census identified 170 distinct religions in Britain. 72% claim to be Christian but less than half of the population believe in God and only 18% claim to be a practicing member of an organised religion. Clearly today’s patterns are very different from those of the past. How then to explain them? There are two fields of thought here. Secularists take the simple opinion: lack of attendance and reduction of belief means a lack of interest and a decline in interest and influence of religion. However, opponents of secularisation claim it is not as simple as that. Society itself has changed dramatically in recent years but that does not mean a decline in society, just a change. Religion, therefore, can not be expected to stagnate in a changing society but must also change with the times. Religion then must met the needs of a late modern or postmodern society which offer levels of diversity and choice which have not existed before and can not do this by behaving as it did in a modern or pre-industrial society. Grace Davie is a proponent of this point of view. For her, religion has simply become more privatised, that is: it is now a private matter of personal preference. This is more appropriate for a society which emphasises individualism and simply echoes what is happening in other institutions in society: the family, for example, is no longer a simple traditional nuclear family, other groupings are now widely accepted. People are then free to decide whether they wish to attend church, worship on their own or even use modern technologies to help them worship, whereas in the past the norm was to attend church and people felt obliged to do so. Davie describes this new pattern as believing without belonging and believes it is a new form of religion. As evidence of this, she points to wider attendance or reliance on religion in times of crisis. People are content to practice vicarious religion where a small number of professional clergy practise religion on behalf of a much larger number of p eople until times of national or personal tragedy. However, if Davies is correct then this would mean high levels of belief and low attendance which Voas and Crockett point out is not the case. Bruce argues that if people are not willing to get involved then their belief must not be sincere or strong so Davie’s defence is unrealistic. Hervieu-Leger points to an increase in individualism and a decline of tradition in society, ideas associated with late modernity, as reasons for a decline in institutional religion. Parents are reluctant to tell their children what to believe so traditional ideas can not be passed down, what Hervieu-Leger calls cultural amnesia. Churches can not be authoritarian and impose beliefs. This leaves people without a fixed religious identity or knowledge of traditional beliefs and thus they are forced to choose or create new religious beliefs and practices for themselves, whereas their ancestors simply repeated patterns of their forebearers. Fortunately having to select one’s own religion is not too demanding for people living in a postmodern society as one of its defining characteristics is consumerism, where we construct our identities through what we consume. H-L describes us now as ‘spiritual shoppers’: without a traditional fixed identity, we must select our own and we do this to best suit ourselves, choosing the beliefs which give most meaning to our lives and suit our interests and aspirations – an individualised religion. Thus instead of merely going to the church our parents went to, today we can take our own personal journey and this explains the wide range of organisations we can join from church to sect to cult. Some H-L describes as pilgrims focusing on self-discovery who join NAMs that concentrate on personal development and others are converts who want a religious group which offers a strong sense of belonging, to re-create a sense of community. Lyon, a postmodernist, supports the idea that traditional religion is giving way to a variety of new religious beliefs and practices because we are living in a postmodern society. In this society globalisation, the increased importance of the media and communications and the growth of consumerism all create a new era of diversity and choice in all aspects of life. Lyon demonstrates how these have affected religion. We are now exposed to a wider range of religious ideas than ever before and these have become ‘disembedded’ from their original local contexts so we can now adapt ideas and beliefs to suit our own purposes. Much new religious belief is simply a watered down version of Eastern religions, adapted to suit Western tastes. Practice of worship is also different because it is no longer necessary to attend a local church. Instead the ‘electronic church’ on the internet and televangelism allow us to stay at home. However, if it is difficult to get convincing statistics of how many people attend church and what effect this has on them, it is even more difficult to research the numbers involved in and the influence of this new form of worship. The very diversity of religions on offer forces a change in religious belief. People become sceptical that any one religion can offer the truth and are, therefore, willing to ‘sample’ any of the new NRMs on offer. Again this is a reflection of postmodern society where we no longer trust in any kind of expert, and have rejected ‘meta-narratives’ which seek to explain the world. This can even be seen in politics where the old certainties of left and right politics have been reduced to the centre ground – one could argue here that their beliefs have also become less strict. This means that new ideas will continue to flourish as we become increasingly disenchanted with the world.

Online Therapy Paper

Online Therapy Paper Keisha Lucas BSHS/352 April 8, 2013 Professor Kari Siemieniewski Online Therapy Paper Online Therapy is a service that helps people to obtain therapeutic services through an online database that is ran by a therapist or a group of therapists, who are in charge of the website. Therapeutic websites are very helpful for someone who isn’t able to get to an office setting to have face-to-face sessions.They are extremely convenient because one can have counseling sessions in the privacy of their own home with strict confidentiality and assertiveness. Serenity Online Therapy, created and founded by Carl Benedict, a licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) in Baltimore, Maryland. His therapy entails many different areas of expertise awaiting anyone to sign up for. Through these counseling sessions, one may experience a more fulfilling and uplifting life.Carl Benedict is very well experienced in helping people who are dealing with multiple problems such as, severe depression, anxiety, addiction, panic attacks, grief and loss, childhood abuse, trauma, codependency 1 & 2, anger management, dual diagnosis, on being a therapist (Serenity, 2005-2013) The professional involved in this website is Carl Benedict, a licensed therapist who is trained in helping people with many different problems that he is trained to solve.He has a policy that strictly states each person to be at least 18 years old, the client must not be suicidal or be a threat to others and if anyone applying has any of these tendencies, they must apply for his crisis part of the website for immediate attention. The client must read Carl Benedict’s Services and Fees section.The content in this website consists of; Counseling Philosophy, Services and Fees, Confidentiality Statement, Johari Window, The Dilemma of the Traumatized Child, Crisis Counseling, Therapist Contact Information, Sitemap, Testimonials, Beginning Therapy, Texts and Photos, Chat Therapy, Payment Scale, Email Counseling, Pay pal Security. â€Å"Therapy is a process of re-claiming the repressed or denied parts of yourself so you can become a whole person. In essence, you will be embarking on a journey to your True Self-the person you were meant to be before emotional pain diverted you from your path. (Serenity, 2005-2013) Online Therapy is viewed and occurs as a uniquely set experience, not the same as face-to-face therapeutic experience, but a new one that may be helpful to a certain group of people but not all. It’s a new service that is being tried out and there has been a small portion of research that exists to support being its productivity. This doesn’t mean that the website of online therapy is of non-effect but it is helpful for the right person in the right circumstances.This means that online therapy is not as common as the regular way to go, which is in the office, but to be offered as online therapy. I believe online therapy can be effective and helpful for the right person in the right circumstances. There are many advantages and disadvantages are; some advantages are; one can engage in therapy even if you whether homebound or living in a remote area; one will have an automatic written record of their therapy; one can choose single consultation or ongoing therapy.Some disadvantages are; risks to confidentiality due to technology; problems in helping a suicidal or homicidal client; the possibility of misunderstandings due to text-based communications. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages are intact and that they meet the required criteria to keep his practice intact. The related security issues and ethical issues, such as confidentiality and security are that Mr. Carl Benedict has been bound to protect you while online in confidentiality of all of one’s personal business, records, and personal information.The client’s information is sealed with approval that it will not be shared with anyone else and that’s guaranteed. Mr. Benedict just asks that his client’s information be sealed and not shared. Reverend Dawn Sutton is highly educated in Social Work and comes with a tremendous therapeutic approach that will definitely meet the qualifications of anyone who is in need of her services. Dawn also sticks directly to her client’s rights and will not let you down.Some professional associations and state regulatory boards of the Mental Health Department will stick behind Reverend Dawn Sutton’s credentials and back up that she is the best of the best. Confidentiality is kept into practice for all clients that Dawn Sutton comes into contact with and some of her cases are; 1)If child abuse is suspected, she will report it; 2)IF a client releases information with written authorization; 3)If a court subpoenas your records; 4) If the client is or becomes a ‘vulnerable adult†. Sunrise, 2002-2008) Sunrise Counseling Online Therapy and Counseling, Dawn Sutton, MSW, RS W is the therapist for this website. The content of this website is the definition of online therapy, emergency contact information, fees and payment methods, qualifications of therapist, confidentiality, contact information, Christian counseling, quizzes, self-help resources, client’s rights, more links, surveys and the option to send the main page to a friend.The professional involved is Dawn Sutton, MSW, RSW is a registered member of the Ontario College of Social Workers and Crisis Intervention Counselor for the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch-Ontario Region of the Mental Health Crisis Intervention Counseling Program and she is a Member of the International Society for Mental Health Online. All of her credentials can be verified. Dawn Sutton uses Christian counseling, called Shepherd Counseling, as a key tool to help heal those who are in need and to make such an impact that her clients will not ever need counseling again because of GOD, not her.Her goals are to not see them again but if she does, she will tackle the job as if it’s the first time. She abides by her own confidentiality rules and will not do anything to jeopardize them. â€Å"Online counseling is simply communicating with a qualified, professional counselor/therapist by email or chat through your computer. Whether you choose only a few email exchanges or ongoing dialogue with the therapist over time, you have the opportunity to share your concerns, pose questions, and gain further insight into the problems you are addressing. (Sunrise, 2002-2008) There are many advantages and disadvantages to online counseling that includes animosity because of the value of personal information on the client’s part. Another disadvantage is that the Counselor wouldn’t be able to observe their client’s body language of their clients. ‘Elizabeth Zelvin, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker and a psychotherapist with 20 years’ experience. She is a New Y ork State Licensed Clinical Social Worker. In 2000, she was the director of addiction programs, and she had a private practice in New York City.She is among many professionals that have a passion for helping people through chat and email online counseling/therapy, also known as e-therapy. ’ (Cyber shrink, 2001) If you need online therapy, you have to qualify for one of these categories; 1) you are comfortable with the Internet (email, chat or want to increase your timeline); 2) using the keyboard more or less as fast as you think or speak—spelling is less important. (Cyber shrink, 2001) The site also contains choices and categories to pick from about how to use your online therapy of your choice. There is also a section on there where Elizabeth asks â€Å"Are you the therapist for me? She wants to know that she is the right pick for those who are interested in therapy. Also, the site provides you with the pay scale of all of the prices for 60 minute chats priced at $1 00. 00, 30 minute chat $65. 00, and $45. 00 for 1 email exchange. There is a section on confidentiality and how she must obtain confidence for all of her sessions no matter the source. There is also poetry, music, articles, bios and credentials that will verify and back up all of her sources and referrals. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages for this website are very reasonable and easy to follow! They are not too strict nor are they too lenient.

Customer Service- Project- Sandford Health of North Dakota Assignment

Customer Service- Project- Sandford Health of North Dakota - Assignment Example its patient’s sufficient expert medical care as it is currently one of the health care institutions with a leading edge in technologies and up to date facilities of the excellent status. With its headquarter on a 500-bed Sanford USD Medical Center in Sioux falls, South Dakota  (Sanford Health, n.d), the institution also operates a number of health care facilities across the United States of America, including two dozen hospitals and other clinics, more than 130 in number with their locations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Sanford Health has over the years excelled in its approach to the provision of health care services to its customers through the enhancement of its clinical care, research approaches, which work towards the establishment of new and  more  innovative approaches  for the  treatment and cure of the common diseases affecting members of the communities and the world at large. The hospital currently offers pediatric intensive care services, level-two trauma center, air transport services, women and children’s orthopedics, cancer and heart centers. Ideally, with services, Sanford Health remains the busiest health care facility in North Dakota, where it also offers individual insurance to the patients from the community (Sanford Health, n.d). For the provision of high quality  service to customers, every organization must have an outstanding management system that would works to bridge the gap between quality service and the patients. Sanford Health has put in place a very organized management that works to spearhead the day today running of the institution. The management has also developed a strong and established customer service department, which ensures that all the clients are served diligently. Such an aspect is of significant importance as it plays an integral role in connecting the organization to the esteemed diverse clientele. To achieve the highest  working  standards in the customer service

Marketing Strategy and Planning (Two Product Portfolio Analysis Essay

Marketing Strategy and Planning (Two Product Portfolio Analysis models) - Essay Example Increased competition fuelled by the process of globalisation, vast developments in the information and telecommunication technology as well as rapid changes in the world social and political structures have created intensely competitive markets in which today’s organisations are struggling to find a competitive foothold. Nature of today’s business is such that, organisations can no longer succeed in achieving a competitive advantage through product quality, speed of supply or production cost management. These factors have become prerequisites to stay in business and no longer offer a platform for competitive advantage. Organisations need to streamline their business strategies and explore and identify areas, which can be best exploited with the organisation’s resource base. Maximizing the effective deployment of organisational resources involve, crafting of market and product strategies that best achieve the organisational objectives. Thus, management of the pro duct portfolio becomes a key management consideration for those companies that aim to achieve sustainable competitiveness in the market place.

Toni Morrison Sula and Mahasweta Devi Breast Giver Essay

Toni Morrison Sula and Mahasweta Devi Breast Giver - Essay Example For a book of this stature, most readers wanted a heroine they could identify with- someone who was basically good despite her minor flaws and few blunders- someone like Nel. But that is not to be. Sula is the protagonist of the novel and she is by no means a traditional heroine. In fact for many, she is an evil woman who refuses to conform to societal expectations of her and does some truly inexcusable things such as sleeping with her best friend's husband. Sula presents a different, unique but definitely negative image of a woman. But it was not done to highlight the evil side of women instead it was done more with the purpose of asserting women rights and independence. Women rights and their position in the society is also the topic of controversial story Breast Giver by Indian author Mahasweta Devi. The story revolves around a woman Joshuda who considers her breasts her chief possession since they bring food for her family. She is hired as a professional mother for several children in a high class Brahmin family referred to as the big house in the story. The story deals with the subject of unpaid labor and a woman's reproductive capabilities going unwaged. Joshuda's low caste body that goes from being the most fruitful to decayed and diseased is used as an allegory and thus the entire plot can be considered allegorical. For many in the west, this story may appear too fictitious to ever be true but we must not forget that this is about an Indian woman in a small town of India where breast feeding children of wealthy families had been a custom for a very long time. The author chooses to highlight the social divide as well the collapse of Mother Ind ia myth. She uses Joshuda's body as a representation of third world countries while the big house represents the capitalist bourgeois in the developed world. While the capitalist powers have always been a source of contention in India, the author explains that by creating such vast social divisions, we are actually fostering the very capitalist forces that we otherwise vehemently oppose. Spivak in her analysis of the story thus asserts that the fictional character Jashoda 'calls into question that aspect of Western Marxist feminism which, from the point of view of work, trivializes the theory of value and, from the point of view of mothering as work, ignores the mother as subject' (Spivak 1987:258). 'Breast Giver', further argues that in this story 'we see cancer rather than the clitoral orgasm as the excess of the woman's body' (Spivak 1993:90). Breast giver highlights in almost dramatic fashion the exploitation of a woman's body in much the same way as colonies of imperial powers had once been exploited. The gruesome death of Jashoda from breast cancer is another important highlight of this work as Spivak notices the importance of the phrase, 'The sores on her breast kept mocking her with a hundred mouths, a hundred eyes' (Spivak 1987:260). Sula is the story of two black women coming of age in Ohio sometime during the two world wars. Sula is wild and aggressive woman with an individualistic streak and a strong desire to break free of tradition and rules. Nel on the other hand is the compassionate gentle figure that can best be described as a 'nice' person. But Sula is not interested in being the conformist. She is an independent woman whose personality is largely shaped by the place she lived in- Bottom. Bottom was not even half as good as it was made out

High Aspect Ratio Pholithography for MEMS Application Article

High Aspect Ratio Pholithography for MEMS Application - Article Example This is the most prominent technique and is widely used and can be used with tall microstructures in the range of 100 micrometers to 1 mm. This method though resulting into long micro structures does not affect the lateral dimension accuracy making it effective method in achieving this objective. However, the method cannot be universally applied due to lack of a synchronized source and the fabrication cost of LIGA that is prohibitive. The use of X-rays from a synchronized source with the capability of giving high intensity, hard x-rays with low divergent properties, makes this method to achieve great results despite these limitations. This led to the development of low cost and commonly available process that would meet the above objectives, and that is close to LIGA. An example was the reactive ion Etching (RIE) of polyamide, which has been presented as a method that could fabricate high aspect ratios structures at the lower costs compared to the above process. This was able to achi eve a thickness so of more than 100 micrometers, and an aspect ratio of about 10. This process was however found to be more tedious as it required modification of the RIE machine, and hence not effective. Other methods that have been used to investigate in this process include the photosensitive polyamide together with UV exposure and have been used in fabricating plating molds. This process achieved a thickness of up to 50 micrometers and an aspect ratio close to 8. Other methods that have been investigated include the high aspect commercial photolithography with photoresist and a near UV light source, in fabricating high aspect ratio molds of metal structures. These are some of the motivations behind the research above by Miyajima and Mehregany. Research background The research involved investigating the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio structures using a commercially available positive photoresist and the UV exposure increasing molds, which would be used together with electroless nickel plating. The research involved an effort to maintain a 2- 3micrometers line width and increasing the photoresists thickness altogether. This was the main point that most of the LIGA high-aspect-ratio process as described above ignored. Using an electrostatic actuator that had been micro machined with 1.5 micrometers wide active gaps and up to 5 micrometers polysilicon, and increasing the gap side wall height instead of increasing the gap height was found to result to reduced force/torque, and this eliminated the urge to use high aspect ratio structures. This was the remarkable difference in this process as compared to other processes investigating this problem. The use of evaporated solvents during the coating process ensured that films thicker than 8 micrometers were obtained. After carrying out the complete process and the patterns in photoresist, electroless nickel plating was performed to fabricate metal structures, and this required the chemical compatibility of the pho toresits with the plating chemicals to be an important considerations. This photo lithography process was found to be compatible with the electroless nickel plating process described above. Methodology One of the variables that were to be considered and regulated is the spin speed in coating. A slower speed below 1000rpm could have resulted to rough surface in the photoresists and the

Critical Analysis of Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Analysis of - Research Paper Example In addition, history has much borrowing to do from political science. Individuals’ understanding of history remains meaningless supposing the political bearings of occurrences and movements are sufficiently connected. For instance, there cannot be a complete understanding of the accounts of the 19th century in Europe devoid of bringing out the importance of the movements such as imperialism, socialism, individualism, and nationalism. This does not imply that political science and history have a similar inkling. There exist fundamental dissimilarities between political science and history. History denotes accounts of previous occurrences and movements that embrace revolution, warfare, military campaigns, and political, economic, religious, as well as, social upheavals. No aforementioned are essential for political science purposes. The major concern of a political science student would be studies on the progression of political institutions alongside supplementary actualities t hat influence openly or indirectly the state. As such, political science selects particulars out of history. Accordingly, even though, history and political science are different subjects, they cut-across each other on numerous points. In Praise of Difficult People: A Portrait of the Committed _Whistleblower Philip H. Jos, College of Charleston Mark E. Tompkins, University of South Carolina Steven W. Hays, University of South Carolina According to the authors of the mentioned investigation, opponents of large organizations consider principled personal dissent including whistleblowing to be significant for making sure responsibility in otherwise irresponsible bureaucracies. There is a broad commentary of whistleblowing being an expensive action for the whistleblower that many consider as additional proof of the necessity for enhanced legal safeguarding along with prodigious outside control over the organizations tangled. The conflict stimulated through dissent entails superior incent ives for the organizations, as well. Besides challenging numerous societal prohibitions, whistleblowing frequently pits loyalty to an individual’s customers or counterparts in opposition to the public loyalty and entails accusation, which the superiors of an individual or fellow colleagues have abused or neglected the trust of the public1. Consequently, whistleblowing denotes one of the mainly threatening sorts of organizational dissent, probable to result in considerable hostility alongside various kinds of organizational retribution. Overall, the understanding of whistleblowing remains anecdotal, even though restricting knowledge of individuals sounding these apprehensions, their inspiration, alongside their ensuing fate. The authors address numerous fundamental issues raised through the legislative deliberations and academic investigation concerning whistleblowing. Foremost is the concern of what happens to individuals who have opted to become whistleblowers. The concern f ocuses on whether the retaliations could be as unembellished as numerous persons have proposed. Subsequently, discerning what inspires the whistleblowers is necessary by centering on the influences that prompt such individuals into risking career sanctions, ostracism, alongside other retribution forms whilst most of their counterparts stay complacently silent. Idyllically, whistleblowing studies would integrate employee attitude measures along with conduct taken

Security Technology Firewalls and VPN Coursework

Security Technology Firewalls and VPN - Coursework Example In my research, i came about Comodo internet security, pc tools firewall plus free edition and zonealarm free firewall that are the best firewalls to be used at present because they are very light, cheap, easy to maintain as some of them like comodo has combined its antivirus program with firewall pro hence free security program for everyone. A virtual private network (VPN) spreads secluded network across a public network, for instance the internet. It makes telecommunication possible, practical and secure (Stewart p. 87). Extranets are said to be border networks quietly similar to DMZ because resources are accessed by outside entities. On the other hand, Stewart (p. 87) adds that an extranet is not open for free usage but by specific sets of people. This, however states that a VPN configuration is necessary to get access to the extranet and therefore with this, extranets are both possible and practical. There might be factors one has to consider for both the internal and external firewalls to allow a remote user to access an internal machine from the internet using Timbuktu as in this case shown above.One should be able to use a router that can handle inbound a well as outbound packet filtering on each interface.You can create a default deny to reject packets,then deny inbound traffic to come f internal address while t outer does not.You can also deny all traffic with invalid addresses as well as all traffic with source routes. Again,deny all ICMP traffic over good size and lastly, reassemble fragments into entire packets. In this network architecture, it is also easy to create a DMZ just between the two firewalls. It will clearly show that the outside world can go through layers therefore easier to hit the DMZ and presumably what is there is at a lower risk. Multiple layers of firewalls are more secure even though it seems to be very difficult

Attitude, Emotions, Personality, and Values Essay

Attitude, Emotions, Personality, and Values - Essay Example In this kind of situation, individuals act confidently towards the subject. People’s behaviors are also influenced by attitudes and emotion when a similar attitude is repeatedly expressed. Additionally, people may opt to alter their attitude in order to align with their behaviors in the workplace and other social places (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 2007). An individual’s behavior is to a greater extent influenced by his/her personality and values. A person’s personality influences his/her extraversion, which is an extremely crucial aspect in human behavior. It entails the level in which an individual is sociable, outgoing, and talkative. Extraversion helps in demonstrating some individual traits such as the behavior of an inspirational leader. Personality and value also influence individuals’ agreeable behaviors. Agreeable behavior demonstrates the extent to which an individual is tolerant, kindness, warm, and sensitivity. These traits are to a great extent influenced by a person’s values and personality. Personality and value also determines one’s neuroticism traits. Neuroticism entails the level in which an individual is moody, temperamental or anxious. Individuals’ mood plays a significant role in determining behavior both in social setup and in the workplace (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 20 07). Employee performance is considerably influenced by the level of satisfaction and motivation in an organization. Employees are always motivated toward improving their performance through five main plans. These include recognition, appreciation, satisfaction, inspiration, recognition, and compensation. To improve employee performance in workplace, motivation is very relevant and essential. Motivation increases employees’ performance and commitment in all excellence levels. There is always a very strong linkage between motivated and satisfied employee and employee performance. To satisfy and motivate employees for effective performance, managers need to

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Psychiatric treatment or psychological welfare treatment refers to the field of treatment that is concerned with individuals of each and every age with psychological sickness or psychological suffering, like; bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, despair, dementia or neurosis. However, professionals in this field are given extra teaching in mental treatment, establishing a beneficial coalition that is based on challenging conduct, and the management of psychiatric treatment. The following are some issues facing BC psychiatric nursing; the issue of prisoners, chronic illness, gender, old age and child trauma. Others include; healing choice creation and treatment involvement; medicinal healing and treatment responsibility; nurse and customer verdict creation and crisis resolving; verdict approaches; position clash and position uncertainty. Prisoners Correctional psychological welfare program mainly focuses on suicide avoidance, recognition and healing of the psychologically sick, and continuity of psychiatric healing. The psychiatric professional takes part in an essential function in every one of these plan. The psychiatric professional’s responsibility in a correctional situation is exclusive. This is because the nurse might operate like a staff nurse on an inpatient element giving psychiatric treatment care to prisoners on a given unit or proceed as an outpatient nurse, giving assessments, therapy, or disaster involvement to prisoners in the universal inhabitants. Programs differ in size and range of services in quantity to the inhabitants of the region prison, financial support, and court go-ahead. For instance, a big region prison could give inpatient healing on an inpatient element inside the prison or through an agreement by a psychiatric hospital. Smaller region locks up classically agreement their sensitive services with a local psychiatric hospital. Outpatient-rank services are more often than not given twenty four hours every day in a bigger confinement, whereas minor prisons could give services merely on the day transfer. A minor prison can hire psychological welfare nurses on a part-time basis or none. Countries time and again choose particular jails inside their jail arrangements to give sensitive psychiatric concern or employ sanatorium surroundings inside every jail to become constant and take care of intensely psychologically unwell prisoners. A particular inpatient element in a prison could be a set of cells particularly selected to reside psychiatric patients. Depending on the condition, the region psychological health sector of psychological health services may select or certify the elements for sensitive concern. The elements can be simply confined or empirical accommodation for psychological health patients getting services, apart from an inpatient rank of concern (Achenbach Edelbrock, 1981, p. 281). Chronic illness Treatment dwellings: since individuals who are psychologically unwell at times require lasting therapeutic concern, at times when a treatment residence may be essential. Nevertheless, several treatment dwellings are not set to effectively tackle psychological health concern matters. However, while choosing a treatment dwelling for a cherished individual, make sure that it concentrates on attending to those with persistent psychological sickness. Housing Care services: majority of individuals with persistent psychological sickness obtain the correct rank of concern in inhabited care services. Normally, they give twenty hour recruitment, space and panel, and support with prescription and preparing psychological welfare care arrangements. Grown-up Care services: the services are additionally household oriented than housing care services. However; usually give similar level of concern. They are additionally suitable for individuals whose circumstances are constant. Grown-up care services are not locked, as well as a number them do not give twenty hour employment. However, household Care dwellings: location is more of a distinctive house in that it provides to a larger extent lesser amount of inhabitants and is not normally organized twenty four hours a day. Unluckily, lots of funding for those with persistent psychological sickness will cover this rank of attention, yet people might require the services of a grown-up attention. Supported existing elements: A supported dwelling element, as its name entails, is most suitable for those individuals who are high performing and constant. With supported livelihood, there is less staff control and inhabitants normally exist in apartments are be given services like food, laundry, and medicinal management. Supported livelihood can also be a link to autonomous dwelling, in that if an individual fruitfully contributes in supported existence yearly, one can be capable of changing to a customary residence. Psychiatric elements: they are either supported in or united with sickbays. A single category of psychiatric element focuses in temporary sensitive concern, nearly when an individual is a threat to him or herself, or others. The aim of this circumstance is to stabilize the person and relocate herself or himself to an additional type of competence. Another form of psychiatric component is the one that is united with a state sickbay, and is frequently a protected capacity for those who need long lasting attention. Sexual characteristics. The stand for deed pressurizes that women are allowed to enjoy the uppermost achievable set of bodily and psychological fitness. Creating a relationship between womens individual existence and welfare and their responsibilities in the society, the stand affirms that the pleasure of this right is very important to their existence and welfare and their capacity to take part in every area of communal and personal living. The global meeting on residents and progress accepted that reproductive privileges hold confident individual civil liberties that are already familiar in state rules, global individual human rights credentials and other agreement credentials. omprise of general announcement of individual human rights and its 2 original executive agreements, the global agreement on financial, communal and civilized privileges , which refers to the right of everybody to the pleasure of the uppermost possible set of material and psychological fitness, and the global agreement on public and Political civil liberties , which consists of an amount of welfare related individual civil liberties, such like the freedom of existence, the right to freedom and safety of the individual and the freedom to solitude (Ahmann, 1994, p. 4). However, constructing on the global talks on people and growth and its Program of deed, the policy for an act affirms that the individual privileges of women consist of their freedom to be in charge and come to a decision without restraint and sensibly on issues linked to their sexuality, as well as sexual and reproductive wellbeing, liberated of intimidation, favoritism and hostility. Hard work has improved to regard physical condition in the support of individual civil rights. When physical situation is measured as an individual right, and not simply a societal excellent, civil liberties and tasks require to be explained consequently. The connection between womens individual civil liberties and welfare has been initiated through the joint hard work of womens welfare and womens privileges supporters. In concentration and overlook of womens welfare matters, especially reproductive fitness, in the lawmaking and modifying frameworks of nations, have been accepted as an element of an organized favoritism besides women. Old age Psychiatric ill health is a severe physical condition trouble in old people. Mental ill health is linked to poorer health result in addition to enlarged expenses intended for aged patients with recurring medical situation that are very much common in old age, for instance hip cracks, cancer and heart attack. In older people, the interaction of synchronized medical conditions and psychiatric and results to overwhelming disability and transience, creating exceptional therapies that have largely been neglected by the health care system. The largest part destructive essentials of unfairness in America include; the stigmatization of the very aged and the mentally ill. These prejudiced burdens are apparent in a lack of investigate, and insufficient access to suitable services and healing. Psychological fitness facilities based in the community level mostly lack appropriate services for the aged and personnel qualified to tackle medical needs. Investigation has verified that adults are more probable to be given suitable psychological wellbeing attention, and to contain improved medical results, whilst psychological fitness services are incorporated with universal health check care in the chief care background. Several schedules with numerous suppliers in numerous surroundings add up to an intolerable weight to individuals for whom persistent sickness and bodily disability are severe restraints. In addition, fewer stigmas related to getting psychiatric attention when they are a fundamental element of universal medicinal concern. Mental health in practice ought to have life-altering outcome. For example, sign of pain and despair can be treated even in older age, even in the presence of severe disease and disability, and also for those who stay in the nursing homes. However our health system has done little to convert this systematic information into clinical practice. The persistent approach among clinicians, patients and the society in general believes that being old implies living with pain and despair. For this reason the older people don’t receive the treatment they deserve. Further than the failure to recognize, diagnose, and initiate treatment, recent the next generation of troubles facing older people with mental ill health is unfortunate quality of care follow up. In most studies elderly nursing home people who receive antidepressant medication care, just about half of them continue to have sign, yet they don’t need treatment changes to make sure that they get well. Infant trauma Expert qualified in the nursing and medical treatment of child sexual oppression are often the first specialists taking care of the child and assess needs and can also bare witnesses in court trials. The prime intention of any medical involvement for the child is carryout a physical assessment, a psychological estimate and legal proof for potential proceedings. Children who have sexually been subjugated get to the interest of nurses and physicians in a multiplicity of ways. The child may be attended to by a private doctor or a nurse practitioner in the urgent situation department of a hospital. Big town repeatedly have selected hospitals that attend to child victims of sexual harassments and abuse with qualified, skilled doctors, social workers and nurses. Family may be asked to take a trip some far distance so as to have their child observed and evaluated at one of the dedicated healthcare facilities. A child may also be attended to in the healthcare system through the community or public health, school nurse and outpatient services. Alleged cases of child sexual abuse may moreover be seen first by law enforcement officer who will after that refers the child to the suitable healthcare for assessment. On arrival at the healthcare clinic, the child’s parents will be asked to present their complains. The health evaluation of the sexually assaulted child has a number of steps which include taking of history, Interviewing the child, physical test, and psychological assessment. History taking is the initial step in the health evaluation. The information about the growth and development of the child is provided by the parents (Ahia, 1997, p. 36). The researcher will generally commence with questions that examines the child’s Knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. The realistic Interviewing practice is the third step where the interviewer remains objective and neutral in inquiring the child. The questioning should not be threatening to the child or the parents. Researcher should stay as unbiased and goal as probable in enquiring the child is the second step which varies depending on the age of the child and the level of development. The interviewer will evaluate the child’s verbal communication skills and mental and poignant development. The research will usually commence with inquiries that examine the child’s knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. Certain people should not be allowed in the research area. For instance, asking a child questions in front of the alleged offender or interviewing a child in a room full of adult strangers is stressful and will limit dialogue with the child. A parent or guardian in the room may be reassuring for the child and, after the child becomes comfortable with the interviewer, the parent is often able to exit quietly. A suitable tone should be situated in the research from the beginning. A proper introduction of everyone present is necessary, as is a coherent, understandable explanation of why the interview is taking place. The researcher should request for, not take for granted, teamwork, and assure the child that the interview will be as comfortable as possible. The young person must be given authorization to inquire queries concerning everything that is not understood. A victorious research is one in which the young person is provided with some measure of control, even if it simply means a choice of a toy. Many children who have been sexually harassed have lost an intelligence of power and control over their own bodies and behavior and have learned to be overly compliant and passive. The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the young person before trying to obtain specific information about the victimization. It is over and over again is important to begin by playing with dolls or requesting the child to draw a picture. It is through this early stage that it is most suitable to ask the child’s full name. The researcher may require the young person to write it down on the drawing paper. The young person should not be forced to open up right away; instead the interviewer should try to determine what is preventing the child from talking about the abuse. For instance, a parent may be angry and confused because a child is making allegations about a boyfriend. That parent may have intimidated the child prior to the interview or may have threatened the child with removal from the home. It may be essential for the parent to depart the area organized for the interviewer to obtain certain information. Conclusion Psychiatric nursing face cultural and contextual issues in dealing with psychological sicknesses which may include infant disturbances, gender, issues with the inmates, sexual characteristics, chronic illness and old age . The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the different groups so as to come up with proper results as they assist the clients.

South korea was very underdeveloped

South korea was very underdeveloped Introduction In the beginning of the twentieth century, South Korea was very underdeveloped. It was a country consisting of minimal economic activity to compete in the Global markets. South Korea was still integrated with North Korea as one state under the Rulership of Japan. Agriculture played a big role in the economic progress of Korea under the communist system. It was only a matter of time before Korea would be divided into the north and south After WW2 and the Korean War. But the South would prove to be much more prosperous than the North, through opening up its markets, its affiliations with The United States of America and turning into a Democratic state. Its economic transformation pushed South Korea become a competitive country in the Global market within three decades towards the end of the twentieth century. The following essay will take a brief look at Koreas economic progress in the first half of the twentieth century, and then focus on how South Korea started to progress economical ly after WW2. It will also look at what political and economical reforms took place in order to ensure economic Liberty of South Korea. 1st Half Of 20th Century Korea Loses Independence In 1910, Korea lost its independence to Japan, Korea became a province of the Japanese state. Initially Korea had been ruled by the Yi state, Korea was known to consist of Raw materials which could be beneficial to other countries economic wealth. Other western countries such as France, US and the USSR had attempted to overthrow the Yi state even before the twentieth century, but Korea fought and resisted western domination. Japan on the other hand had surrendered to the USA and had become an Industrialized economy, it needed raw materials in order to expand its economy. This was going to happen at the expense of Korea. The Japanese had backing of the USA, and could easily occupy Korea by 1905 after signing a treaty with the USA called the Taft-Katsura Agreement, stating that the USA will acknowledge the Japanese occupation of Korea. The Japanese finally got Korea to sign the treaty of annexation with it in 1910. The Yi state had proven to be weak in terms of resistance to external forces, as it had now lost independence, it had also lost its power to influence its Korean people to fight of colonialism. Japan could now have access to raw materials and foodstuffs, Korea would now have to become a highly productive Agricultural state for the benefit of Japans economic growth. This would hinder with the growth of the Korean economy, limiting it to a more rural, underdeveloped economy until the mid twentieth century, after the Korean war and WW2. The Japanese took over most of the fertile land through their own landlords, and would increase their exports of foods to Japan, this signaled the beginning of exploitation of the Korean people through cheap agricultural and rural labour. South Korea experienced a high industrial growth, but the Capital and profits were all focused towards Japans growth. Japan invested high capital towards industries in Korea. Even though there was high exploitation of Korea, there had been attempts by the Korean people to protest against Japanese rule, in 1919 people protested against Japanese rule but were unsuccessful as 6000 people lost their lives to Japanese Forces. There was always a Government- General appointed by the Japanese government to keep control of Korea. He could lead in a dictatorial way and all Koreans who did not abide by his law could be arrested by the police, he had total control of the Korean affairs. From 1910 onwards, the Government- General implemented a survey where useful agricultural land could be determined, if land was found to be useful to the economy of Japan, the general took control of it. Many of the Korean citizens lost their land as a result. By 1930, the Government-general owned 40 percent of the total agricultural and forest lands of Korea, most of the land would be sold by the Japanese government to Japanese development companies, land could also be sold for a cheap price to Japanese individuals looking to start farming in Korea. The land policies implemented by the Director general increased poverty in Korea for the farm population which formed the majority of the Korean population. This explains why Korea experienced so much poverty and why many of its citizens turned out to be peasants, the Generals land policies took many of the Korean citizens and farmers land in the wealthy areas of Korea. The Japanese did not determine their land policies with the interest s of Korean people at heart, at the same time a lot of Korean peasants suffered as most of the money they made from harvesting on the rented land paid for the rent. Korea was known to be a major exporter of rice when it came to agriculture, most of its rice was exported to Japan at the expense of Korean cheap labour, the land allocation system seemed to be prospering. From 1912 to 1936, over half of the total rice production was being exported to Japan, this was possible because the Koreans were forced to lessen their rice consumptions. In the Mining sector, the Government-General also implemented a Mineral assessment with some major Japanese Corporations in an attempt to extract mineral resources from Korea. Korea had great resources such as gold, silver, led, iron and coal. These resources worked highly to the advantage of Japan as they could exploit them during WW1 for military armaments production, the Military armaments could be sold by the Japanese to the Allies. This proves that the Korean Mineral and Land occupation was of high importance for a country like Japan, and they were going to exploited it for as long as they could, as long as Japan kept growing and developed a strong competitive economy for itself. But this was just one of two major economic factors Japan were interested in, the manufacturing sector also became an interest in which the Japanese were focused on. They would achieve through intense industrial development and cheap labour, since many of the farmers had lost their agricultural land. Korea started to experience mass industrialization through Japan, this could be seen as the beginning of Manufacturing on a large scale for Korea. The government-General encouraged many Japanese businesses looking for cheap production to invest their Capital in Korea. He achieved this through the new policies of manufacturing, which opened doors to Japanese investors to bring in their Capital at very low costs. The Japanese had control of almost 90 percent of all manufacturing Capital in Korea, this also applied to the mining industry, The Japanese companies had almost 95 percent of the coal mining industry of Japan. These percentages were achieved by 1945. The Industrialization of Korea pushed many peasants into becoming wage workers, by 1944 600 000 Koreans were working in factories and another 350 000 working in mines. The situation for Korean workers in the factories was so bad that the wages they got paid by 1935 were 50 percent less than in 1927. Peace and comfort did not happen and the Korean people suffered a lot from discrimination and exploitation during the period 1910 to 1945. The Japanese used a military dictator ruling style and got rid of any opposition from the local people. The people of Korea had no backup and could not express their feelings or voice their opinions as to how they wanted Korea to be run, or how their lives could be transformed from impoverished to better standards of living. This probably happened because Political and social groups were banned. The Japanese, in 1930, formed a basic structure, in the decade that followed national industrial planning was implemented through the political economy. This meant that planning could be extended to Japan in order to give major industries in Japan a chance to bring in their corporations into Japan through direct investment. State policies were formed by the Japanese, in order to regulate and control the market from the use of foreign technology. This was achieved through a licensing system which would control market entry. The new state policies also introduced big banks and large companies owned by the Japanese, towards the end of the 1930s there were four major industries responsible for the occupation of the majority of the Korean population. These companies were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and Yasuda, they dominated the Japanese economy more than any other industries. These industries belonged and originated in Japan, but because Korea and Japan were so close to each other Geographically, and Japan had direct control of Korea, it meant Japan could easily expand their economic activities into Korea and integrate them into the Japanese markets. This the Japanese managed to achieve through investments in railroad, ports, communications and massive industrialization in Korea. Because the growth of the Korean economy was pushed by the colonial state and the economic activities were undertaken by a few major Japanese corporations, the Japaneses industrialization of Korea did very little to give the Korean businessmen some sort of power or leaderships in some of the industries or politics. In terms of politics, Koreas economy might have been occupied by the Japanese, but from the time Korea was declared a colonized state, there were underground movements which planned to help Korea regain its dignity and independence. These groups consisted of former Korean politicians who were in exile and had affiliations with the Soviet Union, USA and China. The group affiliated with the USA was run by a man called Syngman Rhee, he fled to the USA with the hopes of making friends with politicians from the state and gaining their support for Koreas independence. Another group which was in China, was one led by Pak Hon-Yong which was a communist movement. Finally there was the group ruled by Kim II Sung, this group was a anti-Japanese Guerilla communist group Kim would later become the long standing ruler of North Korea. There was little influence or success in their attempts to gain the independence of Korea by these groups. But one group which proved to have greater influence later, would be the group run by Kim Koo, right after the split with Rhee due to disputes and disagreements. This group was the anti- Japanese Guerilla, it formed close links with the Japanese Nationalists. Koo became president of the organization in 1931, with the support of the of one of its branches which were in Hawai and USA. Rhee who was in the US at the time had tried several times to influence the US group but failed. By 1940, the Provisional Korean exile government, based in China which was set on fighting for Korean independence, it managed to influence the Chinese government and was given the chance to form a general staff for strategic planning against Japanese colonialism. This would lead to the famous Pacific Korean war, where the Chinese and Koreans would fight side to side against Japan in Manchuria and China. Korea would invade Manchuria and declare war on Japan, which would take two and a half years before the Koreans could finally win with the support of the US and USSR During the duration of the war, Rhee became president of the provisional Government, in which nine Korean organizations supported by 10 000 Koreans backed the government. They set up a meeting in Washington and formed allies with the USA in order to determine how they would help the US defence on strategies of attack on Japan. What Rhee was mainly concerned about was the future of Korea after the war, how would it be run and under what economic policies would it be run? In 1942, during the talks of the future of Korea with the Allies, Rhees conditions were not met and the meeting was unsuccessful. In 1943 at the Cairo conference, Churchill, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek resolved the issue stating that Korea would be declared an independent and free state. The war continued and as it progressed a trust agreement was signed by the USA and the USSR, stating that they would help Korea get back on its feet economically and politically. The USSR declared war on Japan in 1945, while the USA who had declared war on Japan earlier had now occupied the South of Korea by sending their troops to the South of Korea. The USSR would now send its troops to the North of Korea as the treaty of Cairo stated. This signaled the birth of what would become two separate worlds in Korea, the Division between North and South. The South would prosper tremendously due to its Global economic policies and affiliations and friendships with the allied powers that supported capitalism. The north on the other hand, would suffer due to their strict policies of Nationalization, independence and the support of a communist system as a way towards economic transformation. New Era, Korea Gains Back Independence By December 1945, a provisional government was set up by a joint group of allies; USA, United Kingdom and Chine. But the provisional government have to always consult with the allied powers who would have the task of being in charge of Korea for a period of five years. But right-wing parties of Korea were against the five year deal, as they did not want Russia making any decisions, as they believed it had ulterior motives towards Korea. Therefore they organized the anti-trusteeship organization. In the meantime, a more democratic committee was set up in the Southern part of Korea, it had Rhee as its permanent chairman. The USA established an assembly where elections would take place, but half of the assembly could be appointed and the other half could be voted for. Right wing groups of Korea saw it as the development of a Southern independent Korea and started to set up a separate state. Soon several elections took place, with those favouring democracy being in opposition with those who believed in Communism. The Battle between USA/ South and USSR/north would ensue within Korea. By 1948, the Dispute was resolved, where the United Nations Temporary Commission in Seoul gave the Koreans a chance to vote in the South, as the Soviets refused them occupation in the North of Korea. South Korea became declared as an independent state by 1948, but it was called the republic of Korea instead. The USA then withdrew its troops from the South in order to avoid further conflict and to prove that it was not intending on occupying South Korea. The new government under the rulership of Rhee had become an ally of America, and the best years of South Korea were to come. But in the beginning of the Souths rulership, it had lost its supply of hydro-power, and coal from the North. At the same time its population was increasing at a high rate, south Korea experienced a major shortage of food and housing, unemployment became rife in the state. After the USA and USSR withdrew their troops, the North declared war on the South through its communist leader Kim II Sung, but the USA sent troops in defence of South Korea. The war continued for several with Chinese, UN, Japan, Soviet Union and the USA involved. By 1953 the war ended and South Korea like North Korea were to reconstruct its state economically. In 1961, Park Chung Hee became the new leader of the South Korea and he intended to strengthen South Koreas relations with the USA and mainly other states which were capitalist states. A lot of attention would be put on the economic growth of South Korea. First Five-Year Plan By 1962, South Korea Introduced its first five-year plan in order to recover economically. South Korea approached Japan as a second major capital investor after the US in 1963 and Japan finally signed the agreement in 1965. Through these economic moves, South Korea would begin to prosper in terms of economic growth. The Korean economy was destroyed by the war. After the Korean War reconstruction was given support by huge amounts of foreign Capital from, in the North from Communist countries such as Russia, China and East Germany and in the South mainly from the United States and serious government economic development programs. The greatest industrial improvements were made during the 1960s. North Korea made progress in industrial growth while South Korea concentrated on feeding its people. When Park came into power there were certain obstacles he was faced with in reconstructing South Korea, his initial five-year plan started off at a very slow place for developing the economy, as he was to focused on social policy first before moving towards economic policies. From Parks economic policy changes in 1964, South Korea would now start to go through three different Democratic rulerships, each with their own plans of action towards economic transformation. Parks government, of 1963-1973 focused on a sort of limited democracy that wanted to restrict democracy to a certain extent. Park wanted to follow Japans idea of a military leadership, which had initially created a lot economic progress in Japan. Second Five-Year Plan In 1964 with the attempt at the five-year plan for the second time, Park now shifted his economic plans more to industrial growth instead of a focus on food self-sufficiency. The goals of the plan was to increase energy production, grain production and create a demand for exports. Korea had started to have a growth rate of 8.5 percent in GDP and the growth of the industry sector had been the major contributing factor to the sudden growth of the South Korea economy. Even though South Korea started to develop, it was mostly due to Americas contribution towards its economy. From the 1960s, Korea benefited from great relations with the United States. The relationship between the USA and South Korea was created because American policy-makers, saw South Korea as an important platform to confront the Soviet Union during the Cold war. American interests in South Korea allowed it to enjoy economic benefits in terms of aid, trade, capital, and technology from the U.S. It is said that South Kor ea could not have survived its economic prosperity if it wasnt for Americas assistance in the 1950s and Korean access to its export markets since the mid-1960s. America though, was not happy with Parks economic reforms in the first half of the 1960s because he had focused on agriculture in his early rulership. The United States had threatened to withdraw its financial aid to South Korea, because it was not gaining well enough due to Parks economic transformations in the early 1960s. America also had its own economic problems and couldnt handle having to back up a slow growing economy which did not follow a clear system of liberalized market and limited democracy. But the USA wasnt going to withdraw its aid that easily because, it feared that with South Koreas deficit spending due to its economic strategies, South Korea would experience a foreign debt crisis and its economy would collapse. Not prepared to let this happen, the US government started to put pressure on South Korea to start focusing on industrialization instead of agriculture and social policy. This the American government believed had to be implemented as South Korea could increase its exports and therefore lessen its foreign debt. America then put pressure on South Korea to strengthen its ties with Japan, because Japan could now become an investor in the South Korean labor raw material market. Therefore Japan would be able to provide aid and a market for exports in South Korea which could be very beneficial to the growth of its economy. The United States then began to issue more funds into the South Korean economy, US finance in South Korea paid for over 70 percent of imports, this gave the USA power to control the South Korean Government as the US expenditure on South Koreans obviously came with major conditions. As the result by 1964, the South Korean Government went into serious deals with the USA, an d the conditions meant that South Korea would follow USA orders. Over the next years after 1964 the Koreans would follow the US orders by stabilizing prices, creating more trade relations with other western countries, raising interest rates, devaluing the currency, taking down import barriers and increasing export incentives. This direction followed by South Korea would later be very beneficial to the countrys economic wealth, as it would influence rapid economic growth in space of just 30 years. Third Five-Year Plan The third five-year plan was to be introduced by Park from 1972-1976, this was and important era as South Korea aimed at job creation, and mainly the need to focus on rural development and creation of rural labour and revitalization. A very important factor by which Park did not adhere to during this time was the American conditions, which stated to him that he had to loosen the economy for open trade and rather focus on gaining economic wealth for the country. Instead, Park took his own measures would prove very successful before the fourth five-year plan. The government partly took control of over banks and controlled investment. During this period, the government imposed price controls, this they wanted to implement for a short period aimed controlling certain inequalities in industries where high profits were being made by foreign investors. These price controls were aimed at reducing inflation, but they were not imposed on all industries but a select major ones, which contributed highly to the economic wealth and the ones which were monopolistic in their markets. There were other areas in the economy were restructuring and mergers took place, where the government intervened during the rapid industrialization period which was to follow. The reason Park introduced this policy of government intervention was because by 1972, South Koreas economy had produced a high amount of industrial wealth, of which most of it lay in the hands of a select few owners and political leaders. This created an imbalance in the economic equilibrium of South Korea. At the same time, South Korea needed to solve its debts. Fourth Five-Year Plan The next step to be followed by Park would be very economic orientated, the Fourth Five-year plan. This plan was implemented from 1977-1981 more or less, it was regarded as the big push era of South Korea. Park now focused on heavy industrial policy by shifting towards electronics, machinery and shipbuilding to name a few. With this policy, Park wanted very minimal foreign borrowing of capital as his aim was to decrease the amount of debt South Korea was faced with. This five year plan would turn out to be a sort of disaster, caused by the oil crisis. Therefore the targets of this plan wouldnt be achieved to their full potential. At this point the South Korean Chemical industry boosted economic growth and was the major industry which contained the most foreign investment. South Korea had collaborated with Dow Chemicals from the USA, which was South Koreas largest business partner in industry sector, the problem now, was that Dow Chemicals was charged by the South Korean government for fixing its prices through its South Korean partner, this was aimed at creating profits which Dow chemicals used to transfer to its other plants out of South Korea. This led to the South Korean partner objecting to this plan, and the Government being in support of the South Korean partner intervened. Dow then decided to pull out of the joint business venture. This became a major knock to the states economic stability. South Korea during this period had also built a major Shipyard, probably one of the worlds largest, the problem although was that, in building the shipyard, South Korea had to export most of its expertise, machinery, engines and tools from Japan. This created an imbalance of payments for South Korea and increased her debts highly. Another major threat to the countrys growth was the oil boom of the Middle East, South Korea striked a deal with the Middle East to start a huge construction programme in the Middle East region. South Korea then sent an estimated 293 000 male workers to the Middle East region between 1977-1979 for construction. This number was equal to over half of the South Korean manufacturing labour force. It became a problem because wages went higher in the manufacturing sector of South Korea but production became slower because of the shortage of workers in the industries. While this happened, a lot of smaller companies were not making real profits, at the same time the state was spending highly on Industries for growth. Only the major foreign companies were profiting highly, causing the economy of South Korea to become unstable and unbalanced. This meant that industries could not meet the targets of the South Korean export sector, at the same time the lighter smaller manufacturing companies competition internationally. South Korea had become a country which imported a lot, which disadvantaged the economy during the rapid industrialization era. Technology and Capital goods had to be imported, causing South Korea to put itself in a position of overspending and having to borrow foreign Capital in order to increase growth. By 1979 it was clear that government growth could no longer benefit the economy, Park had devised a plan to solve the debt problem by lessening imports and increasing exports in the smaller manufacturing industries which proved to be the major hub of the economy when they were combined. This caused further inflation, pushing the country into a recession GNP fell by 6.5 percent in 1980. This was the first year of very poor growth since the Korean War, by the end of 1980 South Koreas debt increased at a very rapid rate from around $20 million to about $40 million in1983. Park died in 1979, while he was a dictatorial leader, but to many South Koreans it was seen as new era that would open doors to a more Democratic state, being able to improve the economic conditions of South Korea. Unfortunately it was not the case, another military dictatorship occurred, this time by Chu Doo Hwan, this led to major strikes in the labour force which wanted better working conditions and better wages. The workers had been promised by their labour unions that after Parks fall, things would turn out for the better and the workers would be able to get better working conditions and wages. And an end to military dictatorships would occur, which was seen as having a negative effect on the economy and lives of the working class. Strikes continued for the whole of 1980. Years Of Prosperity Through Exploitation By August 1980 Chun retired from military and announced that he would become a candidate for national presidency position. Chun came into power after the internal election and formed the Democratic Justice Party. But this was just a front, he immediately after coming into power exercised his military dictatorships in order to stop protests. Brutal force and arrests were made on protestors and a new law which destroyed worker unions was implemented. This was done by Chun, so worker exploitation could occur, but this would be to the much benefit of the South Korean economy. In doing this, wages would be at minimal but production would increase. By creating forced labour conditions were wages fell and productivity increased, became part of Chuns plan to improve the economy. The results were tremendously high, putting South Korea in the competitive Global arena as one of the leading export markets through its short term strategy of exploitative labour in the industries. By 1983 the econo my was ready for expansion. The US supported this direction and became a major technological contributor towards South Korea, with Japan also being a major financial contributor. Conclusion In less than twenty years after the Korean war tore apart the South Korean economy, economic stability became the major all South Korean leaders focused on. South Korea turned out from one of the worlds poorest nations to one of the richest in a short space of time. This it achieved through trial and error, and a open market, liberalized economy towards the rest of the world for investment and exploitation of its labour force. It became an Industrial hub of the world towards the end of the twentieth century. The rapid industrialization, as many would argue wouldnt have happened if the USA and Japan had not given financial support and guidance towards its economy. And most importantly, the rapid economic growth took place at the expense of the South Korean Peoples labour and hard work. Bibliography: M.S. Alam, Governments and Market Economic Development Strategies: Lessons from Korea, Taiwan and Japan (New York,1989) A . Amsden, Asias Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York, 1989). B. Cumings, The Origins and Development of the North Eastern Political Economy, International Organisation 38, 1 (1984), pp.1-40. H. Landsberg, The Rush to Development: Economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea (New York, 1993) D.S. Lewis, Korea: Enduring Division? (United Kingdom, 1988) W.D. Reeve, The Republic of Korea: A political and Economic Study (London, 1963) J.B. Rosser, M.V. Rosser, Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy(USA, 2004) M. Tcha, C.S Suh, The Korean Economy at the Crossroads (London, 2003) M.H Landsberg, The Rush To Development: economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea p98-103 J.B Rosser M.V Rosser, Comparative Economics In a Transforming World Economy p 546-547 M.H Landsberg, The Rush To Development: economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea p104-105 W.D Reeve, The Republic of Korea: A Political and Economic Study p 19-20 M.H Landsberg, The Rush To Development: economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea p 106-107 M.H Landsberg, The Rush To Development: economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea p.109 D. Lewis, Korea:enduring division? P. 7 W.D Reeve, The Republic of Korea: A Political and Economic Study p22-23 W.D Reeve, The Republic of Korea: A Political and Economic Study p.23 W.D Reeve, The Republic of Korea: A Political and Economic Study p. 24 D. Lewis, Korea:enduring division? P. 31-33 M.S Alam, Governments and Markets in economic Development Strategies: lessons from Korea, Taiwan and Japan p.24-25 B.Cummings, The Origins and Development of the North east Asian Political Economy. International Organization p.34-36 M.S Alam, Governments and Markets in economic Development Strategies: lessons from Korea, Taiwan and Japan p. 29-30 J.B Rosser M.V Rosser, Comparative Economics In a Transforming World Economyp.558-561 M. Tcha C.S Suh, The Korean Economy at the Crossroads p.3-4 A. Amsden, Asias next Giant: South Korea and late Industrialization p. M.H Landsberg, The Rush To Development: economic Change and Political Struggle in South Korea p.214-222

The Life and Literature of Willa Cather Essay -- Authors

â€Å"The great characters in literature are born out of love, often out of some beautiful experience of the writer† (Brown 1). A number of novelists draw much of their inspiration for writing from stories they hear, places they have lived and visited, their childhood, and people they know and hear of in their lives. Willa Cather is no exception. The setting and places in Cather’s novels are derived from her travels, and where she lived. Cather’s earliest life experiences were also integrated into her writing. The characters in Cather’s novels are based on people in and around her life. Willa Cather’s journeys, and residences; childhood, and the people around her permeate in her novels The Professor’s House, and A Lost Lady. The first locale where Cather crafted her scenery after was her home town of Red Cloud, Nebraska. Willa Cather was born in Back Creek Valley, Virginia; she and her family moved to Nebraska four years later. Within A Lost Lady, the home of Captain Daniel Forrester, and wife Marian is described by the narrator as â€Å"[standing] on a low round hill†, and â€Å"[standing] close to a fine cottonwood grove that threw sheltering arms to left and right†. Cather paints a picturesque view of the mansion belonging to then governor Silas and Lyra Garber, his wife. Sweet Water, the town in which A Lost Lady takes place closely resembles Red Cloud. In comparison, Susan Rosowski, renowned Cather scholar describes the home of the Garber’s having â€Å"a cottonwood grove, the shade of the fast growing trees made the place a favorite for picnics and other social affairs for the people in the town, including young Willa Cather† (Rosowski and Ronning 194). The Forresterâ₠¬â„¢s house decided to incorporate in A Lost Lady was, surely a place of solace a... ... Lady, Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. 190-201. Print. Skaggs, Merrill Maguire. After the World Broke in Two: The Later Novels of Willa Cather. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990. Print. "The Professor's House." Cyclopedia Of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition. 1998. 1-2. Literary Resource Center. Web. 26 April 2012. Van Ghent, Dorothy. "Willa Cather." Willa Cather: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. 71-73. Print. Wilson, Anna. "Canonical Relations: Willa Cather, America, and The Professor's House." Texas Studies in Literature and Language (2005): 61-74. Literature Reference Center. Web. Woodress, James. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. University of Nebraska Press, 1987. Print. —. Willa Cather: Her Life and Art. New York: Pegasus, 1970. Print.

Characterization in Hamlet :: essays research papers

â€Å"In some respects we can know fictional characters even better than we know people.† The author of Literature, Structure, Sound, and Sense makes an important point about fictional characters. An author can â€Å"make† or â€Å"break† a story by how they portray the characters as well as how relatable they are. An author can also make a story interesting by using different types of characters, as well as following the three principles of a good character. Shakespeare uses these concepts in Hamlet to brilliantly display his characters and allow readers to relate to each of them. The protagonist in this play is Hamlet. Hamlet is a character presented indirectly, because readers are not told explicitly who Hamlet is. Throughout the story readers learn new things about him. Hamlet even tells other characters in the story that there is more to him than they know. Even at the end of the story readers may not feel like they completely understand Hamlet. Hamlet is also a round character. Hamlet is a very complex individual, who is philosophical as well as contemplative. Readers see many sides of Hamlet, from his â€Å"love† with Ophelia in the beginning and then his carefree approach to her later, as well as his passionate fight for revenge over his father’s death. Hamlet also develops during the entire play. Readers at first see Hamlet’s disbelief when confronted by the ghost but through some investigating, mainly the play used to prove Claudius’ guilt, Hamlet finally comes to realize that his uncle really did kill his father. Hamlet also follows the three principles of a good character: consistent, motivated, and plausible. Hamlet is consistent throughout the whole story. Even when readers see him change and develop, it is because of a significant event in the story. An example of this is the change in actions towards Ophelia. Hamlet starts out treating Ophelia lovingly, but because of her rudeness to him he starts to back off. He is also motivated, as he attempts to find his father’s killer and seek revenge. Hamlet is also a plausible character. He is not completely removed from human nature, as readers see him struggle with emotions and revenge. He also is not the â€Å"perfect† human as he is subject to rage and impulses. This character is essential to this story because he is the protagonist. Without Hamlet there is no story.

“The Sad Fate of Coral Reefs” Essay -- Ecology

It was at a young age that I fell in love with the ocean and the splendor of its biodiversity. It was when I gazed upon the magnificent blue waters of the world that I found my passion. At this young age, I decided that I would pursue a path that involved helping endangered marine organisms. Many conclude that I speak of the more common marine animals, such as dolphins and whales. However, that is not the case. My passion lies with the â€Å"Rainforests of the Sea†, the coral reefs. Coral reefs are the most diverse and biologically richest of all marine ecosystems. As with almost every ecosystem and its members, coral reefs provide several ecosystem services. For instance, coral reefs serve as natural barriers against hurricanes and catastrophic storm surges, their chemicals may treat diseases, and they are a nitrogen fixation. On of the most important functions of coral reefs are that they are a major source of food for people. While they serves as a benefit to humans, coral reefs serve as shelter and food for many organisms, such as sponges, fish, turtles, dolphins, and several other marine life. Coral reefs are, to me, the most incredible organisms present in the world. Generally, coral reefs are overlooked; many do not see their beauty or even know much about them. As I mentioned earlier, coral reefs benefit mankind in many ways, a few examples listed above. Now, I did, indeed, neglect to mention how mankind benefits corals. The reason for this missing aspect is that, as of yet, mankind has truly failed to serve as a benefit for coral reefs. I mentioned that my calling was to help endangered marine animals. Why is it that coral reefs are in need of help? How has mankind affected coral reefs? To begin to discuss how the coral... ...on growth, fishing, and tourism. Nevertheless, I believe that somehow, mankind had positively affected coral reefs. I believe that there have to be people who share my deep admiration for coral reefs and truly value their absolute beauty. Like myself, I believe these people will stop at nothing to protect the reef and its habitats. I hope to, in contrast, further explore mankind’s positive affects on coral reefs before writing my major paper. Works Cited "NOAA's Role." NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. N.p., 02 September 2011. Web. 27 February 2012. "How Pollution Affects Coral Reefs." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. N.p., 12 December 2006. Web. 27 February 2012. â€Å"Anthrosphere.† Exploring the Environment, Coral Reefs. N.p. 8 March 2004. Web. 27 February 2012. â€Å"Coral reefs: threats.† World Wildlife Fund. N.p. N.d. Web. 27 February 2012.

Two English language programmes implemented in school

As general cognition English is of import linguistic communication in our life particularly in Malaysia instruction. In Malaysia pupils learn to listen, talk, read and compose in English. Therefore, the English Reading Corner and Contemporary Literature Programme are implementing in my school, SJKC KUO KUANG, Skudai, Johor. English Reading Corner, a corner in each category, school fix some reading stuffs such as fiction or non-fiction narrative books, lexicon, large books, magazines, newspaper and so on. Students allow to read the reading stuffs while they are free in the category or break clip. Contemporary Literature Programme, a programme under Education Department of our authorities. This is particularly for Year 4 to Year 6 students to read the literature books. The intent of this study is to present two English programme and province out the manner of implementing of the two programmes are keeping in my school.2.0 Contemporary Literature Programme2.1 Purposes and AimsThere are two purposes of the Contemporary Literature Programme. As First, to assist students better their English through reading simple fiction. Second, to supply a continue for the literature constituent introduced in secondary school. There are six Numberss of aims of the Contemporary Literature Programme. By the terminal of their primary schooling, students should be able: To transfuse and all the reading wont among students. To enrich students ‘ vocabulary and linguistic communication content. To heighten students ‘ thought accomplishments. To advance cultural apprehension in the Malayan context. To better English Language proficiency of students. To develop good imaginativeness.2.2 DurationThe Contemporary Literature Programme was carried out whole twelvemonth for pupil twelvemonth 4, 5 and 6. For the teaching period on SJKC, we utilizing 1 English linguistic communication period every two weeks to learn students read their narrative book which is provide.2.3 Target GroupThe Contemporary Literature Programme is mark on pupil Year 4, 5 and 6. No affair that they are good pupil or bad pupil they must develop in this programme. This programme precedence for under accomplishing schools and rural schools. The book chosen for each set are 40 % fiction books and 60 % non-fiction books. The full Student ‘s accomplishment will be recorded in Reading cards or books.2.4 Report on executionWith the implemented of the Contemporary Literature Programme, Our school design the programme based on 3 space. First, the intensive reading programme based on 3 prescribed texts per twelvemonth. Second, Genres consist of short narratives and ve rse forms. Third, every pupil provide with 3 books, with the premise that a pupil will be able to finish 1 book in 3 months. In our school we select the books which are suited for our pupil ; we choose the books based on 5 considerations. That is the subjects and rubrics that appeal to 10-12 twelvemonth olds, suited garrison size, and good quality paper. Beside this, taking suited linguistic communication for both rural and urban pupil is of import to increase their involvement. Last, choose the interesting plot line with embedded moral values so that they can go on to read. This programme is running on schoolroom clip that is structured into 3 phases, which is Pre-reading, While- reading and Post-reading. Because of we be aftering complete 1 book in 3 months so usually we separate it in one phase per month. We design the phase of reading in four instruction program and English instructor must province down all the activity they are be aftering. Teacher ever spend the clip steering with the students either as a whole category or in groups and students are non asked to get down with reading on their ain before they are ready. Here, I will describe on some activity ever been utilizing by English instructor to success this programme. In Pre-reading phase, Teacher will inquire students present the book screen, title page and besides ISBN page. Discuss artworks on the front screen of the book with students and inquire students to foretell the rubric of the narrative. Then, teacher will inquire students predict plot lines based on the given outline and where the narrative takes topographic point. Following, teacher introduces subjects utilizing object or image stimulations to association of thoughts and questionnaires on subjects in the reader. Beside this, instructor will discourse with students about the background information, such as, the writer ‘s life, finishing information grid utilizing writer ‘s life. Last, teacher introduces linguistic communication and vocabulary points before start reading to do them experience comfy when While-reading phase particularly hapless pupil. For illustration, inquire students happen out the hard word or vocabulary they are non understand the significance, so inquire them construct into group and happen out the significance utilizing dictionary by themself. In the 2nd phase of instruction, it is called that While-reading phase. This phase is of import to assist students understand the book. At the first, students will be given appropriate entry points in the narrative for them to foretell the narrative. Some instructor prefer allow their students speaking about the scene of the narrative and students fix a clip line in group to allow them understand the narrative. Following, instructor besides will inquire students to foretell results, instructor can accept all the reply if it is in the scope of acceptable. Teacher helps pupils to understand the plot line with prepare a narrative map in the group. Then, Teacher and students must speak about the characters in the narrative to place the characters and their features. Besides that, they can speak about the events in the narrative and role-play the events in the narrative and other students inquire to reply some simple inquiries to do certain they understand the events of the narrative. Las t, pupils ask to re-tell portion of the narrative in one ‘ ain word to better their assurance while speaking. In the last phase, Post-reading activities are carried out after students have read the whole book. It is sound like contemplation. They are to research beyond the text by utilizing the text as a footing. The activity etc. reassign information from the text into a notice, an advertizement or a missive. Teacher will assist students develop their critical and originative thought accomplishments such as ask students talk about one ‘s favourite event in the narrative. Teacher will be develop pupils composing accomplishments from book reappraisal or do a pagination in group. Besides that, Some instructor like to inquire students do the vocabulary edifice activities to group words harmonizing to classs to assist them maintain in memory.2.5 Strengths and failings of ProgrammeThe execution of Contemporary Literature Programme was success. The students can read at the terminal of category. However, there were some strength and failings found when transporting out this programme. Strengths of the Contemporary Literature Programme are we work hard to taking suited book for pupil to promote they read more on clip to clip. Teacher steering the pupil in schoolroom clip so that when they have job of reading or Confuse the significance of the word instructor can work out the job on the topographic point to heighten the effectivity of learning. Beside this, pupils reading in category with their schoolmate can increase the feelings between friends and they will experience Learning are non entirely. They besides love the activity like games, crossword mystifier, it can do they experience that this clip of reading is different in other period, is like playing non analyze, but they study when they are playing. Unfortunate every programme has failings. After us running in school we recognize that this programme merely reading in schoolroom is good but non plenty for our pupil they are more interested in singing and moving. And the continuance of this programme is non plenty because when we utilizing 1 English linguistic communication period every two weeks is merely do them read a few book merely. Now a twenty-four hours, our pupil largely involvement in Virtual universe like cyberspace or on-line games more that reading books, if we maintaining utilizing old manner to learning we become disused in the hereafter.2.6 Suggestions and recommendationsIn order to do Contemporary Literature Programme successful in the hereafter, I would wish to give some suggestions and recommendations. First, it is suggested that the continuance of Contemporary Literature Programme to be teach in 1 period per hebdomad same with SK. That will enable students reading more books and instructor can make more activit y with students excessively. Second, activity of instruction can be more interesting and different types of activity such as moving the characters, holding little competition and given some present to promote preform more active in category or holding a marionette show and so on. I am certain that interested activity will be more attractive. Last, instructors should utilize information engineering in their schoolrooms illustration teacher utilizing PowerPoint or flash to demo the outline of the book, secret plan, subject or characters briefly, I think this is the manner to raise the involvement of students, and students will be more dressed ore in our instruction, more response from students mean that our programme is success and meaningful.3.0 English Reading Corner Programme3.1 Purposes and AimsThe purpose of English Reading Corner is to develop involvement of reading English Language stuffs among students and consolidate their basic linguistic communication from age of seven. While reading the stuffs, students learn the accomplishments of reading, speech production, composing and grammar from the related activities. There are seven Numberss of aims of the English Reading Corner. By the terminal of their primary schooling, students should be able: To promote students pass on in English while they are giving their feeling. To better spelling while students composing the reading studies. To consolidate the BASIC of English and grammar accomplishment. To heighten the bravery speaking and showing their reading study to audience. To develop reading intelligence among students. To transfuse moral values. To enrich students ‘ vocabulary and linguistic communication content.3.2 DurationThe English Reading Corner was carried out whole twelvemonth in our school from the 1s t twenty-four hours student in school. Students are reading all sort of reading stuffs while they are free in schoolroom, after instructor ‘s teaching period, after completing their prep or at the interruption clip. Teachers spend some times to prepaid for this corner and doing some activities after their text edition instruction in category.3.3 Target GroupThe English Reading Corner Programme is target on all the students in school ( Year 1 to Year 6 ) . The English instructors of every category as a coach for the students to promote them to read, to compose, to describe and doing some activities after the students reading a book or intelligence. Besides of instructors as a coach, the better students can be a coach to assist those schoolmates who do non understand while they are reading. Students can larn each other to acquire new information and cognition.3.4 Report on executionThere will hold many sorts of reading stuffs in the English Reading Corner, such as narrative books, large books, magazines, newspapers, dictionary and so on. All of these reading stuffs are taking out from school library or patrons by students. The English Language Panel in school will discourse in the English Language meeting and so taking the suited reading stuffs before the school start. The Story book and large book is taking from school library based on criterion of our pupil. The newspapers – â€Å" New Straits Times † or â€Å" The Star † or magazines are sponsor by each category students. They bring from their place to portion the information with their friend in category. Students are allow and promote to read these reading stuffs while they are free in the schoolroom, after instructor ‘s teaching period, after completing their prep or at the interruption clip. English teacher as a coach are ready to assist the students who meet jobs while they are reading. Apart from this, the first-class pupils besides can be the coach and assisting their schoolmates who meet jobs. There are dictionary in the corner. Junior students like Year 1 pupil can utilize it to larn how to utilizing dictionary and senior students can utilizing it to look into the vocabulary that they are non understood. Teacher will name a group of pupil to manage this English corner, responsibility of them is make certain the corner clean and tidy, assisting schoolmate while they are holding job. And need to mend when book are rake or breakage. Sometimes, after the text edition instruction in an English Language period, instructors will doing some interesting activities such as story-telling, recite verse form, brainstorming of IQ inquiries, crossword mystifier and so on in the English Reading Corner. There are some activities can make in the corner. First, pupils read a short narrative or an article from magazine or newspaper. After that, the pupils can state the narrative to their friends, portion their narrative each other. Then, teacher guides the pupils to do a study or speaking about their feeling in forepart of the category. This can heighten their bravery while speaking and showing the reading study to the audience. At the interim, instructor encourages others students to inquire some inquiries or speak about their sentiment related to the study or feeling. So, a conversation is making between the students and instructor. These can better their speech production and listening accomplishments. Besides, teacher guides the students to associate the study or feeling with the moral values. This is one of the manner instructors can transfuse the moral values to the students and bring forth a good attitude coevals. Second, after students reading in the corner, they are composing a study and go through up to their instructors. In their reading study, they need to do a decision sing what they had read. From the decision, students have to name out the rubric of book or article, what they have learned and what the moral values in the narrative or an article from newspaper or magazine. Virtually, students are larning the good attitude to form their thoughts. This is besides bettering their authorship, spelling and grammar accomplishments.3.5 Strengths and failingsThe English Reading Corner was success. All the instructors and parents gave to the full support and cooperation. Students are bettering in their hearing, speech production, reading, composing and grammar. Students can pass on in English. The worst students can talk in simple and short sentences excessively. Their authorship accomplishments improve twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Their betterment makes them go more assurance and som e of them start to love English. They feel proud when communicate eloquence in English. And experiencing glorious because of household and friends praised. Students get more cognition after reading newspaper in the English Reading Corner. This type of cognition non merely from school input but worldwide. Students can larn the new words and vocabulary after reading the narrative and look intoing the significance utilizing the lexicon. The failings of this programme, instructors lack of times because they need more times to steer students to speak, to believe, to give sentiment in the English Reading Corner besides of their day-to-day instruction to cover the text edition and workbook course of study. In SJKC, there are non more than 6 periods of English period in a hebdomad. Teachers truly do n't hold adequate clip to run this programme swimmingly. The reading stuffs are one of the failings. Story books in school are non plenty and some of the stuffs are non suited for the Year 1 to Year 3 pupils. Most of the narrative books are non interesting as they have no colourss, no images and full page of article. These make students experience bored on them. Dictionary, every English Reading Corner merely got one lexicon. A category of pupils portions a lexicon, that truly non plenty.3.6 Suggestions and recommendationsIn order to do the English Reading Corner more eloquence in future, instructors can pass some times after school to transport on this programme. We can set up the clip and do a timetable, so that is convenience to the students and instructors to remain back after school. Then, instructors can concentrate and cover their learning while in category. Besides that, we besides need to hold some account with parent to allow them understand that and set up their timetable to pick up their kid. Second, I suggest that school can utilizing the instruction fund or PIBG fund to purchase more interesting reading stuffs that are suited for primary school pupils particularly Year 1 to Year 3 students. The books must be colourful and full of attractive images such as large books. The juniors prefer that sort of books really much because large books give nice ocular effects and the narrative lines are attractive. Even the seniors besides like this sort of book really much. Dictionaries are much needed excessively. A lexicon is the good assistant in student survey live.4 DecisionIt is hoped that the English Reading Corner Programme and Contemporary Literature Programme that is implementing by the English Language Panel of my school, SJKC KUO KUANG, Skudai, Johor can be benefitted by all pupils form Year 1 to Year 6 ; no affair they are superb or weak pupil. Hope that every student in my school can read right, listen clearly, speak assurance and good written. Based on the failings and recommendations, the English Language Panel of my school besides hope that to foster better the English Reading Corner Programme and Contemporary Literature Programme in twelvemonth 2012 in order to do usage of English Language more seeable in our school.States the intent and outlines the content of the study compactly at the start. Historical background is so provided. Clear, well-organised Table of Contentss.