Our science and technology have a quickly development. In the international marketplace, there are many unusual and high technology products. The WritePass Journal

Our science and technology have a quickly development. In the international marketplace, there are many unusual and high technology products. Introduction Our science and technology have a quickly development. In the international marketplace, there are many unusual and high technology products. Introduction1. Background2. Design Specifications2.1 Voice Navigation System2.2 Article Identification2.4 Enquiry Service System2.5 Barrier Detection System3. Marketing Strategy3.1)  Ã‚  Description the blindness products in HK market3.2) The advantage and disadvantage of each productTraining a guide dog is too difficult and the prime cost is too high. It also has a life limited of the guide dog.3.3)   Functional comparison with our product4. RFID Technology Specification5.2 Operation of RFID Systems6. Methodology6.1 Hardware communication Diagram:6.2 The part of Enquiry Service System:6.3 The part of Article Identification:6.4 Article Identification Flow chart:6.5 Voice Navigation System Bus Arrival Detection System6.6 Voice Navigation System Bus Arrival Detection System Flow chart:7. Cash Flow ForecastAdvantageResearch result9. Project Lifecycles10. Project PlanningConclusionRelated Introduction Today, our science and technology have a quickly development. In the international marketplace, there are many unusual and high technology products. They usually make our life to be more convenient and easier to solve the different problem. However, the population  growth  in recent years, congenital  blindness  and blind people  with acquired  blindness, that the number for them was gradually increased. The blind people always need the help from walking stick, other people or guide dog to walk on the road. But there are no enough technology products to help the blind people that more easy way to know the obstructions in front of them. Therefore, we thought that we should design a product to help the blind people. The  present is  required  to  assist the blind people with  an  electronic  guide  system, effective and immediate  way  to improve their life. We need to develop  a product with  convenience  and low cost  system is very  important for them. The product should include helping them to walk on the road without barriers, to take the bus, to purchase in the supermarket, to know the pedestrian signals, to arrive at the destinations and have an emergency call etc. Also, this product is  used to mark the sound output to tell users the information. The blind people use of this  system,  they  can  get the useful of guide information  easier without asking the strangers on the street. These  are very important  for themselves. Finally, our team design to create a new product which fulfill the almost functions – it calls â€Å"Arm Channel†.   We hope that after our product come out; it will cause the universal of guide system in the world. And the product cost will become lower and lower with the developed technology. Then make the blind people can be easily and more convenience  to have a  better quality of their meaningful life. 1. Background The green land in a park, the blue sky, the sightseeing of the Victoria Park, I-pad, and 3D movie all of these can give people the visual and feeling of entertainment to people who are with the health of visual. Actually, somebody who locate in darkness world, they cannot see anything. They always rely on sense of sound, touch, smell and taste to living in their narrow community. According to the different research of the marketing information of the blindness in Hong Kong, we found out the numbers of people who are with vision disorder; analyze their necessary in the normal dairy life and their problems in Hong Kong. Furthermore, we found out some major product which applied in Hong Kong and similar product in the world to carry out the comparison which related to the dairy life of the blindness. Nowadays, there are about 73900 people with vision disorder in Hong Kong. They always rely on sound and sense of touch to detect the object from the surroundings. Then, the almost relevant products which sell in Hong Kong cannot fully satisfy the necessary with blind people. According to the article from the America foundation for blind (living in vision disorder), they noticed that the blind people need to learn the essential skill in vision loss, which include interdentally living, communication, mobility and low vision devices to adapt their dairy life. Therefore, in this project, we decide to invent the product which helps them to adapt the normal lift easily without learning the essential skill. After the comparison, we figure out our product is more functional than the other product in Hong Kong market and the similar product in the world. Also, the cost is reasonable too. On the other hands, our product has a large range for development and improvement area in the future. And the market potential in Hong Kong and the world is very high. The main reason is the reasonable cost and the multiple functions can satisfy the necessary of the blindness. 2. Design Specifications For our product – Arm Channel, we hope that the functions of product including helping them walk on the road without barriers, to take the bus, to purchase in the supermarket, to know the pedestrian signals, to arrive at the destinations and have an emergency call etc. And the main purpose of these functions should be totally dependent on themselves. Therefore, our team designs the five main themes which are suitable for our ideas and shown these below. 2.1 Voice Navigation System Build in speaker; To guide the user to the destinations; Preset a new location for user to follow. 2.2 Article Identification Build in speaker and digital camera; To compare the goods and the goods photo in database .Then tell the user of the price, expire date and the name of the products when they are buying in anywhere. 2.3 Bus arrival Detection System Build in speaker; To identifies the bus number when it arrived and then tell the user. 2.4 Enquiry Service System Build in simple machine connector box. User can connect the call center for enquiry or emergency; Download the new information to our product. 2.5 Barrier Detection System Build in speaker; To tell the user that has the barrier or not in front of them. 3. Marketing Strategy In the Hong Kong market, the government plan to carry out the improvement of the public facility community, call â€Å"disability friends’, which include blind navigation system, blind person stone and write cane etc. These products are the common product in HK market now. But these products are not enough to satisfy their necessary, because they cannot buy something, take the transportation, and tell them the real location by themselves. Therefore, we directly against with these problem, we create our product Arm Channel. At the below table, there are divided 3 parts, that are 1) description the blindness products in HK market, 2) state their advantage and disadvantage of the products and 3) the functional comparison with our product. 3.1)  Ã‚  Description the blindness products in HK market Product function Blind People Stone: Flooring and paving for blind people to show the direction or exit location. Blind People Mobile Phone The blind people mobile phone is easy to use and carry. It can save one or two phone number in its memory. It also has a SOS function key on the mobile phone. White Cane It can help blind people to find out the Barrier in front of them Guide Dog The Guide dog can guide the blind people to the destination safety Navigate hermit Help the blind navigate around the obstacles in their part, and thought them go to the destination using GPS RFID Stick Tell them the location, signal for traffic light, distance between the destination and time to achieve Guide shoe Help the blind navigate around the obstacles in their part, and thought them go to the destination use GPS 3.2) The advantage and disadvantage of each product Product advantage disadvantage Blind People Stone: Its manufacture cost is not expensive Its construction costs and period are very high and long. Also, it produces sound pollution during the implementation. Blind People Mobile Phone It is a good media for provide a communication method for the blind people It can’t indicate the location for the user or show the destination direction to the user. White Cane Convenient to find out the Barrier It can’t indicate the location for the user or show the destination direction to the user Guide Dog Social experience, autonomy for changing environment Training a guide dog is too difficult and the prime cost is too high. It also has a life limited of the guide dog. And cannot bring the dog into the bus or other transportation. Navigate hermit Convenient to find out the Barrier Can take the user to the right location easily as a long way Can not help the to communicate to other person easily RFID Stick Can take the user to the right location easily, decrease the opportunity of traffic accident event Can change the location voluntary The technology is very expensive and cant take them as a long way Guide shoe Effective for outdoor navigation, Convenient to find out the Barrier That make the user very inconvenient when there are very rough 3.3)   Functional comparison with our product Voice navigation Article identification Bus arrival detection Barrier detection enquiry service Arm Channel Y Y Y Y Y Blind People Stone N N N Y Y Blind people mobile phone Y N N N Y White Cane N N N Y N Guide dog N N N Y N Navigate hermit Y N N Y N RFID Stick Y N N Y N Guide shoe Y N N Y N *(Y – Yes  Ã‚   N – No) 4. RFID Technology Specification Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. RFID technology makes it possible to give each product in a grocery store its own unique identifying number. Compare that to the situation today, with bar codes, where it is only possible to identify the brand and type of package. Furthermore, RFID tags can be read if passed within close enough proximity to an RFID tag reader. The brief differences between the Barcode technology and RFID: Parameter Bar Code RFID Frequencies used for tag reading Optical frequencies Radio frequencies Type of communication Line of sight communication Non-line of sight communication Data Volume Physical limitation exists. It is very difficult to read a very long barcode. Can carry relatively large volume of data. Range of data readability Very limited range, less than feet or two. Can be read up to several feet. Cost Cheap Expensive, but likely to cost less as more industries adopt the technology. Benefits of RFID Can identify moving object that have tags embedded. Can be used in different environments, including live stock, military Non-line of sight identification of tags Unaccompanied operations are possible, minimizing human errors and high cost. Larger area of coverage. Up to several feet.   Automatic integration with back end software solutions provide end to end integration of data in real time RFID can be used in addition to Bar Code. 5.1 Active and Passive RFID Tags: There are primarily two types of RFID tags. One is active and the other is passive. An active tag is powered using internal battery, where a passive tag gets energized using a power from a tag reader. A passive RFID tag will not have a battery or any kind of power source by itself. It extracts the required energy from a reader. Hence, a passive RFID tag reader must be able to emit stronger electromagnetic signals, and in return, identify very weak signals from the passive RFID tag. The primary differences between a Passive and Active RFID tags Passive RFID Active RFID Power Source External (Reader provided) Internal (Battery) Tag Readability Only within the area covered by the reader, typically up to 3 meters. Can provide signals over an extended range, typically up to 100 meters.. Energize A passive tag is energized only when there is a reader present. An active tag is always energized. Magnetic Field Strength High, since the tag draws power from the electromagnetic field provided by the reader. Low, since the tag emits signals using internal battery source. Shelf Life Very high, ideally does not expire over a life time. Limited to about 5 years, the life of a battery. Data storage Limited data storage, typically 128 bytes. Can store larger amounts of data. Cost Cheap Expensive Size Smaller Slightly bulky (due to battery) 5.2 Operation of RFID Systems Various components of the tag are as shown. Normally, the antenna is external to the tag chip, and large in size The operation of the RFID tag is described belo The reader continuously emits Radio Frequency carrier signals, and keeps observing the received RF signals for data. The existence of tag (passive tag) modulates the RF field, and the same is detected by the reader. The passive tag absorbs a small portion of the energy emitted by the reader, and starts sending modulated data when sufficient energy is acquired from the RF field produce by the reader. Note that the data modulation (modulation for 0s and 1s) is accomplished by either direct modulation or FSK or Phase modulation. The reader demodulates the signals received from the tag antenna, and decodes the same for further processing. 6. Methodology First, there is the introduction of the software and hardware devices that we used in our product. Software: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Labview 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Labview Vision module 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MySQL Database 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MS speech SDK5.1 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AT command Hardware: 6.1 Hardware communication Diagram: 6.2 The part of Enquiry Service System: Enquiry service system includes emergency SMS and call center service function. We used the LabView to build up the software which is used to control the mobile phone to send the emergency SMS or make a call to call center. The communication protocol is used Bluetooth to build a connection between the UMPC and Mobile phone. Nowadays, there is the standard control command for mobile phone which is call ‘AT command’. Therefore, we can use the AT command to control the mobile phone to send the SMS or make a call. Flow chart of Enquiry Service System: 6.3 The part of Article Identification: The Article identification is used to identify the product function. The program that we used Labview Vision module will through the video camera to capture the real time video input. Then, it will load the article templates from our database and identify which template was matched to the input article video. According to the result, the program will read the article name through the ear phone to tell the user. 6.4 Article Identification Flow chart: 6.5 Voice Navigation System Bus Arrival Detection System Since, we installed the RFID tags in each locations and the bus. The user can through the LabView program and the RFID tags to analyze the location and the bus. First, the program will make the decoding and filtering when the RFID reader received the tags signal. Next, it will identify the location name or bus number by the tag ID from MySQL database. Moreover, it will use the MS speech SDK functions to do voice prompt. The user can through the ear phone to listen the location name or bus number. 6.6 Voice Navigation System Bus Arrival Detection System Flow chart:    7. Cash Flow Forecast Cost planning service Cost and benefit Proposed Budget Plan PARTICULARS UNIT COST PER UNIT TOTAL COST box 1 $10 $10 AI switch 2 $10 $20 UM PC 1 $5,000 $5,000 RFID Receiver 1 $300 $300 RFID 8 $10 $80 Part A $5,410 Expenditures UNIT COST PER UNIT TOTAL COST Banner 1 $350 $350 Catalogs 20 $5 $100 Bag 1 $200 $200 Headphone 1 $50 $50 Miscellaneous $500 $500 Part B $1,200 PM Maintenance fee UNIT COST PER UNIT TOTAL COST PM Cost 1 5% of PartA $270 Maintenance Fee 1 10% of PartA+PartB $660 PartC $930 Total Cost( A+B+C ) : $7,540 Proposed Benefits Plan Plan  Ã‚   A Plan  Ã‚   B Plan  Ã‚   C Months/Plan price $138 $248 $398 12 $1,656 $2,976 $4,776 24 $3,312 $5,952 $9,552 Months/Product price $8,000 $7,500 $7,000 12 $9,656 $10,476 $11,776 24 $11,312 $13,452 $16,552 Net Benefits(Total Benefits Product Cost ) Months/ Plan Type Plan  Ã‚   A Plan  Ã‚   B Plan  Ã‚   C 12 $2,116 $2,936 $4,236 24 $3,772 $5,912 $9,012 Proposed Virtual Expenditures Virtual Expenditures UNIT Time COST PER UNIT   COST Team member time 8 members 2hrs(extra work)+3 hrs x   8 lessons $100 $20,800 Consultation time $150 Workshop time $150 Total $20,800 8. Advantage of our product Advantage In this section, there are divided as two parts, which are research result and comparison result with other product. In the research result, it is shown how many people with seeing difficulty and blind in Hong Kong, America and in the world. In the comparison result with other product, it is shown the different between our product and the other product in the world. Research result (Key points) In Hong Kong, about 73 900 persons were with seeing difficulty, 6 500 people of them are blind, according to research of Hong Kong Cerise and Statistic Department. In 2000. In America, about 10.5 million persons were with seeing difficulty; 10.5 million people of them are blind, according to research of America community survey in 2008. In America, about 15 million persons were with seeing difficulty, according to research of Prevent Blindness of in 2009. About 314 million persons were with seeing difficulty; 45 million people of them are blind, 87% are living in Developing Country, according to research of Would Health Organization. In May 2009. Observation: The marketing is not only Hong Kong, this is avoidable globally. the result is shown the trendy is increasing Our product should be user friendly and the cost need to reasonable. Comparison result with other product In the functional test, which refer to the page 6 (comparison with other product). Our product can carry out the basic function, such as barrier detection and voice navigation. But when we have the enquire service, which is the most important function, because most of the people need to take the mobile phone for communication every day. Our product has provided the basic and important function; the article indemnification and bus arrival function are the specific functions. 9. Project Lifecycles We identify the project lifecycles with four phases: The first phase in the project lifecycle is Project Initiation. We define the project purpose, scope and the justification for initiating it. We also need to find a suitably project team before the project planning phase. In the product lifecycle, the curial part is project planning which is a guideline for the team during the project. Throughout the project, groups of management take a role to monitor and control the deliverable being output throughout the project, such as quality control, time and risk management etc. The project can be performed the closure once all the deliverables has been produced. Project closure includes releasing the final deliverables to the customers, assess and review to identify the level of project success and note any recommendation for future project 10. Project Planning This is our project planning at semester 1 This is our project planning at semester 2 Conclusion Technology has been being developed very fast in recent years; people get many advantages form the technology, people get more comfort to their life, what is that technology? Such as following: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mobile phone makes people faster and easier to communication. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Video conferencing make people no need to by car, by plane for seeing his / her family and friends, we just need a computer with a web camera. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet makes people get information just in few seconds. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GPS makes people easier to go to anywhere; no matter you are driving or walking. But why some people cannot get these advantages from the technology? Those people around the world, they live at any place of the world. Who is that people? Such as blinders! What is the goal in our project? Why we use technology to help blinders. We want blinders live comfortable, easier and go anywhere as they want! From the beginning of the project, one of two kind of technology may be choose, one is GPS and another one is RFID. Why we have not choice GPS? Due to GPS cannot be used inside a building, when a blinder inside a building, GPS cannot guide him / her to the destination. Therefore we choice RFID for our project! RFID is rising technology, RFID has some advantages such as more accurate, installed inside buildings, some other technologies will be incorporated in our project such as Bluetooth, camera for thing identification. What is the RFID used in our project? We use RFID to build and guiding system which can guide the blinders easily to go to anywhere by himself or herself! When the blinder want to go to somewhere, he / her can make a call to customer center to tell them where you want to go! They can know nowhere you are from the guiding system and they transmit the routing from the customer center to your guiding system to guide you to the destination! Bluetooth is use for communication between the guiding system, hands free headset and mobile phone, you can make a call to customer center by press a button, when the connection between you and customer center, you can talk to customer center by the hands free headset. If you want to make a SOS call to the customer center, you can press the SOS button to make an emergency to customer center, the customer center can know where you are by the guiding system, and then customer center call people to help you, meanwhile when you pressed the SOS button, it will automatically send SMS to your family for notice them you are in trouble! They can know where you are from the customer center. Camera is used to identify things or products, when you activate the camera identification function; the camera will let you know what the thing which is in front of you? This function can makes blinder shopping easier. What are difficulties in our project? When the subject of our project was decided, we had to decided how many functions the guiding system shall equipped? Some functions had been decided should be include in the guiding system such as following: 1)   Voice navigation 2)    Article identification 3)   Bus arrival detection system 4)   Enquiry service system 5)    Barrier detection system First difficulty thing is that how big is our product? How we can minimize the size of the product? Finally we decided minimize the size of the product is not our first priority, how to make the product must be placed in first priority, therefore minimize the size of the product will be placed at the last priority. Second difficulty thing is that the detection range is too large, we want the detection range between 0.5 meter and 1 meter, therefore the accuracy will be increased and how we can shorten the detection range of the RFID system? We decided to use some metal enclosure to enclose the RFID reader to reduce the output power of the reader, so the detection range of the RFID reader can be reduced. Third difficulty thing is what software can be used for the announcement and speaking system? From our review and research, we found a software, we can modify it for speaking many sentences, it can be used to tell the user information. How the identify a thing or product and tell the user what is it? We used another software to do it, this software can scan a photo which is taken by the camera in the system to compare with the building database, when the software find a match data, it will let the user know what is the thing or product he is facing. We are individually testing each component into project, some function such as BUS ARRIVAL and BARRIER DETECTION are still pending and waiting us to incorporate into the guiding system after we complete one system other system will be incorporated into the guiding system one by one. When all functions are tested, we will start to combine them to a whole system. In this project we act different characters in a company, such as following: 1)    Managing director 2)    Secretary 3)    Finance 4)   Project planning and control 5)   Design 6)   Quality control 7)   Engineer 8)    Sales and marketing We have not try to run a project in Role Playing mode before, we were facing many challenges in this project, such as very tight progress, we do our best to face that challenge, at the end of this trimester, we produced a prototype guiding system, it can work, but it is not working perfect, due to the guiding system is under development, we will try to make it as good as possible at incoming trimester. Finally we hope we can act any character better in the project and we will complete the project at incoming trimester.

The Auditor and Fraud Essay Example

The Auditor and Fraud Essay Example The Auditor and Fraud Essay The Auditor and Fraud Essay EXPLAIN THE RESPECTIVE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT AND AUDITORS IN THE PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF FRAUD. The primary responsibility for fraud detection lies with management. This arises due to a contractual duty of care. Directors are able to discharge their duty toward prevention and detection of fraud and error in many ways, for example: * Complying with the Combined Code on Corporate Governance * Developing a code of conduct, monitoring compliance and taking action against breaches * Emphasising a strong commitment to fraud prevention. This involves establishing a culture of honesty and ethical behaviour within the organisation with clearly communicated policies. * Establishing an internal audit function * Having an audit committee The role of the auditor is with assessing the effectiveness of the internal controls. Auditors should appraise the risk of misstatements due to errors and fraud. The role of the auditor in the detection of fraud is appraised within case law, for example: Re Kingston Cotton Mill (1896) – An auditor â€Å"is a watchdog not a bloodhound†. According to Melville (2007), this judgement set the tone for the audit profession for a century. Auditors were to be passive checkers rather than be proactive in searching out errors, misstatements and fraud. This statement may no longer have the force it once did in the light of ISA 240 The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements. Auditor’s are now expected to recognise at least the possibility that fraud may exist and, consequently, adopt an attitude of professional scepticism in their approach to audit work. Re Thomas Gerrard Son (1968) highlighted the negligence of auditor in overlooking fraudulent activities committed by directors. Auditors relied on stock certificates given to them by the managing director, a person who they trusted. This was supported by the decision in Re Kingston Cotton Mill whereby an auditor is ‘justified in believing tried servants of the company in whom confidence is placed by the company’. It was held that their responsibility was to investigate the matter fully once their suspicions had been aroused. If they had done so, the fraud would have been revealed. This is supported by the content of ISA 240 which requires auditors to follow up anomalies. Once suspicions have been aroused, tests designed specifically and uniquely to detect and establish the extent of fraud will be performed. Auditor’s should plan and conduct their audit tests to limit the possibility that material fraud and irregularities go undetected. Certain assets such as cash are more susceptible to fraud than others and audit planning should take account of this. Tests are mainly carried out due to the need to assess whether a matter is material before reporting it. If the matte proves to be material, it should be first reported to management (unless management are implicated in the fraudulent activity themselves). Auditors cannot guarantee the detection of all frauds and errors because they are not able to spend the time searching for frauds as they only analyse a sample. A guarantee cannot be made as auditors provide an opinion. IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS BOTH THE ORGANISATIONAL AND PERSONAL FACTORS WHICH MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE FRAUD IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR. The integrity of the individual and whether they seem to have a strong sense of ethics. Although a difficult characteristic to assess, the behaviour of individuals and their opinions on issues may provide important evidence to assist the auditors in assessing this characteristic. Personal integrity may well be a key if not the most important factor in keeping a person from committing fraud. There are many cases in which individuals with severe financial or personal pressures and the opportunity to engage in fraudulent activity do not do so because they have a strong personal moral code. Some fraud investigators believe that a strong moral code can prevent individuals from using rationalisations to justify illicit behaviour. Typical rationalisations include: I am only borrowing the money and will pay it back Nobody will get hurt (perception of fraud as â€Å"victimless† crime The company treats me unfairly and owes me Its only temporary until my financial position improves Everybody’s at it!! The extent to which individuals appear to be motivated by greed. Again, a difficult characteristic to assess but the individual’s concern with money and consumer goods may provide some clues about this. If someone starts turning up to work in a brand new Ferrari, they may have won the lottery, or benefited from the demise of a loving relative, or they could be up to no good!! The degree of loyalty exhibited by an individual. If the individual has been with one firm a long time, this may indicate a certain level of satisfaction with their employment and perhaps reduce the likelihood of them committing fraud. You should, however, also be aware that experienced employees, because they are trusted, might have a greater opportunity to commit fraud. Ernst Young Survey (2000) found that nearly half of the employees who defrauded their firms had been employed for over five years. Also bear in mind that opportunities to commit fraud can arise when an employee reaches a level of trust in an organisation or when internal controls are weak or nonexistent. Then the employee if he or she is so motivated will perceive that there is an opportunity to commit fraud, conceal it, and attempt to avoid detection and punishment Also, recent research undertaken by the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania suggests that in order to make it to the top ranks of corporate management you of course have to be very self-assured, but this can turn into overconfidence which can lead you to â€Å"cross the line† and commit fraud. For example, a senior manager believes that his firm is experiencing only a bad quarter or patch of bad luck. He believes it is in the best interests of everyone involved – management, employees, customers, creditors and shareholders to cover up the problem in the short term so that these constituents do not misinterpret the current poor performance as a sign of the future. In addition, he is convinced that down the road the company will make up for the current period of poor performance. It is the optimistic executive or overconfident executive who is more likely to have these beliefs. May stretch the rules a little or engage in earnings management ploys, but what if things don’t turn around as expected? Then he has to make up for the prior period and that requires continuing fraudulent behaviour. There appears to be a belief that overly optimistic executives can turn their firms around before fraudulent behaviour catches up with them, at least according to the US research. Jordan (2002) as cited in Quirke (2008) reaffirms this attitude by quoting a communist era Czech axiom â€Å"If you do not steal from the state, you rob your family† Antonio Birritella; â€Å"All these funds from the EU were seen as a gift to the Mafia, easy pickings†

ECRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

ECRM - Essay Example The following paragraphs will describe the scope and meaning of the terms consumer demographics and psychographics and then explains how marketing analytics is used to optimize sales campaigns for targeting the customers. Consumer demographics consist of data related to factors like the gender, age groups, marital status, income levels, cultural and social background, regional backgrounds, political or religious affiliations and educational background (Park and Srinivasa, 1994). It is understood that these factors help in shaping the customer’s preferences and likes and also shape his overall attitudes towards products or services as well as the actual consumer behavior. For example, the age group of the customer will determine what lifecycle stage he is in – if the customer is in his 30s then it is likely that he would be starting on his career and would have a household with spouse and kids. This lifestyle stage would involve the customer in purchases related to house maintenance, groceries or health or medical insurance. Similarly, a teenager would prefer to purchase music while a woman with kids would buy baby food. Demographic data therefore provides a great amount of insight into the likely preferences and needs of potential customers. It is therefore essential from the marketing point of view as it provides a basis of forecasting demands by the companies. By collecting accurate demographic data, the organizations can get a clear picture of prospective customers for their own specific products and services (Brewer, 2005). For example, an organization that manufactures ready to make processed foods would select a target demographic profi le for its potential customers as educated married couples with both spouses working and having a substantial income. This profile is chosen because it is expected that people who are married and have kids and are also working, would be hard pressed for time and would therefore prefer processed

Lamprey Inc Remains Viable as a Business Enterprise Essay

Lamprey Inc Remains Viable as a Business Enterprise - Essay Example This huge disparity in salary already manifested in the uncompetitive pricing of Lamprey Inc.’s products compared to its competitors. Competitors were also dangerously close to overtaking Lamprey Inc. in terms of product quality. Lamprey Inc. has to lower its cost, to remain viable as a business enterprise. If it will continue to operate with the same cost in the present state of competition, it will not long be long before it will fold. Looking at the numbers, moving the plant to Mexico seems to be the easiest solution considering the wage disparity of $16 per hour in Oconomo plant and $1.60 per hour in Mexico translating to a $ 15 million savings per year. But limiting the consideration of the decision to lowering wages can be a very simple solution to the problem. The real issue of the Oconomo plant is the high operational cost and wage is only one of its many components. In addition, the level of the plant’s productivity may be also an issue for it might be producing less at the same cost. If the management and the employees can find ways to lower the cost and increase productivity that will make the company’s return higher and enable it to keep a savings equivalent to moving the plant to Mexico, then it should be explored. As an experienced manager, Jim Malesckowski felt it in his gut that the decision felt wrong although it sounds right. Strictly looking at the disparity of the wages may seem to be right but he knew that as long as there is a chance that the cost will be lowered, the plant should be saved. Jim has to engage the employees through its union in the solving the problem of lowering the cost and enhancing productivity. He has to be forthright with the employees that both of them want the same thing, to keep the plant at Oconomo without cutting the wages.   So they have to solve the problem of competition which undermines their mutual interest in keeping the plant.  

Supreme Court Justice Sonia Maria Sotomayor Essay Example for Free

Supreme Court Justice Sonia Maria Sotomayor Essay Justice Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Supreme Court on May 26, 2009. A vacancy became open upon the retirement of Justice Souter. If her nomination and approval by the Senate is approved, she would become the 111th Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her confirmation hearing by the Senate did not go without controversy. Justice Sotomayor gave a speech at the University of California, Berkeley and in her speech, she said, â€Å"I would hope that a wise Latina Woman with richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn’t lived that life. † Some, including commentators such as Rush Limbaugh, view this statement as being racist. She acknowledged the phrase, â€Å"wise Latina woman† was a bad attempt to playing on words. In the end, Justice Sotomayer was confirmed by a vote of 68-31. Justice Sotomayor life is one that is full of achievement and disappointment. Her appointment has changed the landscape from of the court. Sotomayor was born in The Bronx, New York City and is of Puerto Rican descent. Her father died when she was nine, and she was subsequently raised by her mother. As a child, she aspired to be like Nancy Drew, the detective in the popular childrens mystery series. But at the age of 8, she was diagnosed with diabetes and told she would not be able to pursue that line of work. Sotomayor said it was another fictional character that inspired her next choice. I noticed that [defense attorney] Perry Mason was involved in a lot of the same kinds of investigative work that I had been fascinated with reading Nancy Drew, so I decided to become a lawyer, Sotomayor told the American Bar Association publication in 2000. Once I focused on becoming a lawyer, I never deviated from that goal. Her parents moved to New York during World War II – her mother served in the Women’s Auxiliary Corps during the war. Her father, a factory worker with a third-grade education, died when Sotomayor was nine years old. Her mother, a nurse, then raised Sotomayor and her younger brother, Juan, now a physician in Syracuse. After her father’s death, Sotomayor turned to books for solace, and it was her new found love of Nancy Drew that inspired a love of reading and learning, a path that ultimately led her to the law. Most importantly, at an early age, her mother instilled in Sotomayor and her brother a belief in the power of education. Driven by an indefatigable work ethic, and rising to the challenge of managing a diagnosis of juvenile diabetes, Sotomayor excelled in school. Sotomayor graduated as valedictorian of her class at Blessed Sacrament and at Cardinal Spellman High School in New York. She first heard about the Ivy League from her high school debate coach, Ken Moy, who attended Princeton University, and she soon followed in his footsteps after winning a scholarship. Judge Sotomayors Legal Realist Judicial Philosophy Formalism is an appealing view because it purports to validate the rule of law, in contrast to the rule of the men and women who serve as judges. If the judge is simply a vehicle for expressing the laws meaning, then when the judge interprets the law, the judge is not adding his or her own gloss, but rather simply applying the rules and standards previously chosen through democratic processes. For this reason, Justice Scalia, who has also espoused formalism, specifically associates it with the rule of law. Yet formalism has been under assault for over a century. Legal realists have long noted that the formalists view of the law is false, or at least radically incomplete. Even a legal realist will likely admit that, yes, in some very simple casesthe sort that are either never brought or that settle quicklythe formal legal materials uniquely determine the answer. However, legal realists point out that in the sorts of cases that reach appellate courts, and especially a court of last resort like the United States Supreme Court, there is usually a substantial gap or ambiguity in the law. That is the very reason why we need such courts, legal realists say. As the term legal realism suggests, legal realists believe that formalists are not being honest (perhaps, not even with themselves) when they disclaim any influence from their own values upon their judicial decisionmaking. Nor, they say, could matters be otherwise in a complex and evolving society in which legislators and constitution writers cannot possibly have anticipated all of the circumstances in which the provisions they wrote would be applied. The point was aptly made this way: The constant development of unprecedented problems requires a legal system capable of fluidity and pliancy. Our society would be strait-jacketed were not the courts, with the able assistance of the lawyers, constantly overhauling the law and adapting it to the realities of ever-changing social, industrial and political conditions; although changes cannot be made lightly, yet law must be more or less impermanent, experimental and therefore not nicely calculable. Much of the uncertainty of law is not an unfortunate accident: it is of immense social value. Who said that? None other than Judge Sonia Sotomayor, in a 1996 speech at Suffolk University Law School. Formalism, Legal Realism, and Judicial Empathy Knowing that Judge Sotomayor is a legal realist does not tell us everything about her judicial philosophy, but it does paint a vivid contrast with the formalism expressed by Justice Thomas and Chief Justice Roberts at their confirmation hearings. That contrast, in turn, makes sense of the controversy over President Obamas view that a Justice ought to have empathy. If one thinksas many conservative commentators apparently dothat formalism correctly describes American law, then empathy is irrelevant to judging. The judges job is simply to apply the formal legal materials. Empathy is no more useful to the formalist judge than it is to someone writing a dictionary. In each case, one is simply looking for the meaning of words. However, if one thinks that the legal realists have it right, then a broad capacity for empathy is crucial to judging. According to the legal realist view, in filling in the laws gaps and ambiguities, a judge will necessarily be making value-laden decisions that derive in part from her background and experience. The broader the background, and the greater her ability to step outside her own circumstances to see the laws effects on others, the greater will be the judges ability to, as Judge Sotomayor put it, adapt the law to the realities of ever-changing social, industrial and political conditions. Neither legal realism nor empathy alone constitutes the whole of Judge Sotomayors judicial philosophy. To fully appreciate her approach, it would be necessary to read a substantial number of the hundreds of opinions she has authored as a federal judge. But at least with a professed legal realist judge like Sotomayor, one knows where to begin. In an era when we are all too familiar with 5-4 Supreme Court decisions splitting along conservative/liberal lines, it is refreshing to have a nominee who does not pretend that her background and values have nothing to do with her legal decisions. The Case Against Sotomayor Sotomayor’s former clerks sing her praises as a demanding but thoughtful boss whose personal experiences have given her a commitment to legal fairness. â€Å"She is a rule-bound pragmatistvery geared toward determining what the right answer is and what the law dictates, but her general approach is, unsurprisingly, influenced by her unique background,† says one former clerk. â€Å"She grew up in a situation of disadvantage, and was able, by virtue of the system operating in such a fair way, to accomplish what she did. I think she sees the law as an instrument that can accomplish the same thing for other people, a system that, if administered fairly, can give everyone the fair break they deserve, regardless of who they are.† Her former clerks report that because Sotomayor is divorced and has no children, her clerks become like her extended familyworking late with her, visiting her apartment once a month for card games (where she remembers their favorite drinks), an d taking a field trip together to the premier of a Harry Potter movie. But despite the praise from some of her former clerks, and warm words from some of her Second Circuit colleagues, there are also many reservations about Sotomayor. Over the past few weeks, I’ve been talking to a range of people who have worked with her, nearly all of them former law clerks for other judges on the Second Circuit or former federal prosecutors in New York. Most are Democrats and all of them want President Obama to appoint a judicial star of the highest intellectual caliber who has the potential to change the direction of the court. Nearly all of them acknowledged that Sotomayor is a presumptive front-runner, but nearly none of them raved about her. They expressed questions about her temperament, her judicial craftsmanship, and most of all, her ability to provide an intellectual counterweight to the conservative justices, as well as a clear liberal alternative. The most consistent concern was that Sotomayor, although an able lawyer, was â€Å"not that smart and k ind of a bully on the bench,† as one former Second Circuit clerk for another judge put it. â€Å"She has an inflated opinion of herself, and is domineering during oral arguments, but her questions aren’t penetrating and don’t get to the heart of the issue.† (During one argument, an elderly judicial colleague is said to have leaned over and said, â€Å"Will you please stop talking and let them talk?†) Second Circuit judge Jose Cabranes, who would later become her colleague, put this point more charitably in a 1995 interview with The New York Times: She is not intimidated or overwhelmed by the eminence or power or prestige of any party, or indeed of the media. Her opinions, although competent, are viewed by former prosecutors as not especially clean or tight, and sometimes miss the forest for the trees. It’s customary, for example, for Second Circuit judges to circulate their draft opinions to invite a robust exchange of views. Sotomayor, several former clerks complained, rankled her colleagues by sending long memos that didn’t disti nguish between substantive and trivial points, with petty editing suggestionsfixing typos and the likerather than focusing on the core analytical issues. Some former clerks and prosecutors expressed concerns about her command of technical legal details: In 2001, for example, a conservative colleague, Ralph Winter, included an unusual footnote in a case suggesting that an earlier opinion by Sotomayor might have inadvertently misstated the law in a way that misled litigants. The most controversial case in which Sotomayor participated is Ricci v. DeStefano, the explosive case involving affirmative action in the New Haven fire department, which is now being reviewed by the Supreme Court. A panel including Sotomayor ruled against the firefighters in a perfunctory unpublished opinion. This provoked Judge Cabranes, a fellow Clinton appointee, to object to the panel’s opinion that contained â€Å"no reference whatsoever to the constitutional issues at the core of this case.† (The extent of Sotomayor’s involvement in the opinion itself is not publicly known.) Not all the former clerks for other judges I talked to were skep tical about Sotomayor. â€Å"I know the word on the street is that she’s not the brainiest of people, but I didn’t have that experience,† said one former clerk for another judge. â€Å"She’s an incredibly impressive person, she’s not shy or apologetic about who she is, and that’s great.† This supporter praised Sotomayor for not being a wilting violet. â€Å"She commands attention, she’s clearly in charge, she speaks her mind, she’s funny, she’s voluble, and she has ownership over the role in a very positive way,† she said. â€Å"She’s a fine Second Circuit judgemaybe not the smartest ever, but how often are Supreme Court nominees the smartest ever?† I haven’t read enough of Sotomayor’s opinions to have a confident sense of them, nor have I talked to enough of Sotomayor’s detractors and supporters, to get a fully balanced picture of her strengths. It’s possible that the former clerks and former prosecutors I talked to have an incomplete picture of her abilities. But they’re not motivated by sour grapes or by ideological disagreementthey’d like the most intellectually powerful and politically effective liberal justice possible. And they think that Sotomayor, although personally and professionally impressive, may not meet that demanding standard. Given the stakes, the president should obviously satisfy himself that he has a complete picture before taking a gamble. Racial Discrimination Judge Sotomayors most high-profile case, Ricci v. DeStefano, concerns white firefighters in New Haven who were denied promotions after an examination yielded no black firefighters eligible for advancement. Joining an unsigned opinion of a three-judge panel of the appeals court, Judge Sotomayor upheld the rejection of a lawsuit by white firefighters, one of them Hispanic, claiming race discrimination and, as part of the full appeals court, she declined to rehear the case. The Supreme Court overturned the lower court’s decision in a 5-to-4 vote. Judge Sotomayor dissented in part in an earlier case, Gant v. Wallingford Board of Education, finding that race discrimination had occurred when a school demoted a black child from first grade to kindergarten. Lawsuits Against Federal Contractors An opposition memo on Judge Sotomayor cites her ruling in a case about lawsuits against federal contractors to claim that she is willing to expand constitutional rights beyond the text of the Constitution. The case concerns an inmate who lived in a fifth-floor room while serving a federal prison sentence for securities fraud. He was allowed to use the elevator because of congestive heart failure, but when a guard had him climb the five flights, he had a heart attack, fell down the stairs and suffered an injury. He sued the company that ran the halfway house for the federal Bureau of Prisons. As part of the appeals court, Judge Sotomayor emphasized precedents that permitted suits against companies performing state government functions. The Supreme Court reversed Judge Sotomayor, ruling 5 to 4 that only individual agents, not corporations, may be sued for such violations. Justice Stevens joined by Justices Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer dissented. â€Å"Extending Bivens liability to reach private corporations furthers [its] overriding purpose: providing redress for violations of constitutional rights.† (Bivens was a 1971 Supreme Court case that allowed some people whose rights have been violated by federal agents to sue.) —Makesko v. Correctional Services Corporation, 2000 Related Documents * Makesko v. Correctional Services Corporation Top Environment In a defeat for environmental groups, the Supreme Court ruled this term that the Environmental Protection Agency may use cost-benefit calculations to decide whether to require power plants to make changes that could preserve aquatic organisms. The case mostly concerned the meaning of a phrase in the Clean Water Act that requires the power plants cooling structures to reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Judge Sotomayor had previously ruled that weighing the costs of the changes against the value of the organisms in dollars was not permitted by the law. Instead, the EPA could consider only what cost may reasonably be borne by the power plants. When her ruling was overturned by the Supreme Court, Justice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and David H. Souter, dissented, saying that cost-benefit analysis was prohibited by the law and pernicious in practice. â€Å"Congress has already specified the relationship between cost and benefits in requiring that the technology designated by the EPA be the best available.† —Riverkeeper v. Environmental Protection Agency Related Documents * Riverkeeper v. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Top Workplace Discrimination: Disabilities Some of Judge Sotomayors more prominent opinions on discrimination concern people with disabilities. In one case, Judge Sotomayor ruled that a law school graduate with a reading and learning disability was entitled to extra time in taking the bar exams. After the Supreme Court decided that people are not protected under the Americans With Disabilities Act if they can function normally by wearing glasses, taking medication or otherwise compensating for their disabilities, it told the Second Court to reconsider its decision in this case. Judge Sotomayor again found that the woman was disabled, and must be given accommodations, writing that test scores alone were not enough to diagnose a disability. Another case concerned a trucking company that rejected applicants who were taking some medications. Judge Sotomayor dissented from the majority, writing that Hunt, the company, had determined the applicants were substantially limited in the major life activity of working, and not, as the, majority found, merely unsuited for long-distance driving of Hunts 40-ton trucks on irregular stressful schedules. â€Å"By its very nature, diagnosing a learning disability requires clinical judgment.† —Bartlett v. New York State Board of Law Examiners Related Documents * Bartlett v. New York State Board of Law Examiners (1999) * E.E.O.C. v. J.B. Hunt Transport (2003) Top International Law Some of her Judge Sotomayors most notable decisions have come in child custody and complex business cases. One case concerned a child of divorced parents who lived in Hong Kong. The mother had sole custody of the child and the father had reasonable access. The mother took the child to New York, and the father filed a petition for return of the child to Hong Kong. A custody order said the child could not be removed from Hong Kong without the consent of the father or the Hong Kong court, and the case centered on whether this clause confers rights of custody under the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction. If it did, it would require the childs return to Hong Kong. On appeal, the court ruled the removal was not wrong because the father did not possess rights of custody. In her dissenting opinion, Judge Sotomayor argued that a broader interpretation of custody was more in line with the object and purpose of the Convention, and that this was how foreign courts had considered the issue. The question in this case, Croll v. Croll, is before the Supreme Court in Abbott v. Abbott. Another case concerned jurisdiction. Federal courts can hear cases between citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of a foreign state. According to British law, citizens of Bermuda are nationals, but not subjects. A panel found, therefore, that federal jurisdiction did not apply. Judge Sotomayor dissented, writing that the Constitution used citizen and subject to refer to a range of relationships. [ 1 ]. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1910403,00.html [ 2 ]. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-07-14/politics/sotomayor.hearing_1_sotomayor-hearings-wise-latina-woman-hispanic-supreme-court?_s=PM:POLITICS [ 3 ]. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-05-26/politics/sotomayor.bio_1_judge-sonia-sotomayor-supreme-court-nancy-drew?_s=PM:POLITICS [ 4 ]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Background-on-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor/ [ 5 ]. http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dorf/20090603.html [ 6 ]. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/the-case-against-sotomayor

Archetype of Ulysses in the Odyssey :: essays research papers

We have read an adventurous story called The Odyssey. It was about a hero named Ulysses who goes through many conflicts to get home. He has faced monsters to beautiful women, but he still got home. Ulysses fits the model of an archetype. There are three ways he fits into the model. One way that Ulysses fits into the model of an archetype is that he has a supernatural power. An archetype means an original pattern. Ullyses has the abilities of strength. He is also very clever. Ulysses has alot of strength because he can bend the bow to connect it but no one else could. He had also liffted his men onto his ship two by two. He is also very clever because he outwitted many of the monsters he faced. For example, when Ulysses faced the cyclops Polyphemus he planned to blind his one eye. It was really clever when Ulysses and his men hid under the sheeps. Another way that Ulysses fits the model of an archetype is that he has flaws.In other words he is not perfect.If he was perfect he would be boring and it wouldn"t be interesting if he does the amazingest thing.It wouldn"t be interesting because you would already expect that from someone who is perfect.One of Ulysses flaw is that he is greedy. In the beginning of the story when Ulysses won the war between Troy he had taken all the treasures. He had taken so many there ship barely had room for food. Then when they went to more places he got greedy and took more treasures now leaving no room for food.That is why Ulysses and his men went hungry. He is also a little stubborn because when he saw his men eating the cattle that was forbidden to eat he had gotten all mad but, when his men convinced him he ate. The third reason why Ulysses fits the model of an archetype is because he had someone supernatural help him. The supernatural someone was Athena who helped Ulysses and helped him make important decisions . Athena is the godess of wisdom and it wasn't a coincidence that Ulysses was also clever.

Assessing and Classifying/Diagnosing 16 to 20 Year Olds

Topic: Problems related to assessing and classifying/diagnosing 16 to 20 year olds with patterns of impulsivity, instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and affect. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Borderline personality disorder 3. Developmental stages of Borderline Disorder on 16-20 year olds 4. Problems associated with diagnosing and classifying Borderline personality Disorder 5. How its patterns affect self image and interpersonal relationships 6. Conclusion 7. References 1. IntroductionIn this essay I will be discussing the problems related to assessing and classifying/diagnosing 16-20 year olds with patterns of impulsivity, instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and effect. Before I will discuss the above statement, we have to understand what Borderline Personality disorder. â€Å"Borderline personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and emotions. People with Borderline Person ality Disorder are usually very impulsive (Grohol,J, 2010).The American Psychiatric Association (2009) found that the Borderline Personality Disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder which is difficult to treat and is poorly understood. As time goes on of course they are working on finding q theoretical concept with the help of psychiatrists. 2. What is Borderline Personality Disorder? According to the APA (2000) â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, and effects and a marked impulsivity beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts†.It is a critical disorder, a person with this disorder will have a variety of symptoms where they avoid real life events, they have unstable intense interpersonal relationships where sometimes they are happy with whom they are relating to, and then the other moment they are dissatisfied with the relationship. They have an image disturbance where they really do not understand who they are, what they are about and what they want for themselves. 3. Developmental stage of Borderline Personality Disorder on 16-20 year olds The development of Borderline Personality Disorder is not exactly known, since it is difficult to diagnose.Psychiatrist and clinicians also find it complicated to know how it develops. There are various factors that can develop it, such as biological, social and genetic factors, since it involves patterns of Depression, Bipolar, Anxiety and other personality disorders. Borderline Personality Disorder shows up at a later stage of one’s life but it actually starts when the person is still very young. The relationships at the young age the person has had have an impact to its development. Most symptoms are extreme at early 20’s.According to Goodman,M. et al. (2009) Case Presentation of â€Å"V† who was diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder, they found out that when ‘V’ w as a child she was moody and unusually sensitive to physical experiences, responded with anger and at times loose appreciation of her surroundings which these episodes occurred from 3-4 times a week, which goes to show that these continuous actions did have an impact towards â€Å"V† being diagnosed with borderline Personality Disorder. 4.Problems associated with diagnosing and classifying Borderline personality Disorder Most people who have personality disorders or a general mental health problems they do not seek out medical health at early stages when the they can see that something is wrong but rather they leave it, but only start acting when the mental problem start affecting their day to day living. In such cases it can be difficult to help people in a short period of time because the disorder may have affected a large area of their lives which will take time for healing.With Borderline Personality Disorder to diagnose most patients are misdiagnosed with other disorders related to it like depression or Bipolar or end up being diagnosed at a later stage of their lives. Borderline Personality Disorder is treated by professional mental health practitioners and they also have difficulty in diagnosing it in 16-20 year olds, since this disorder involves patterns of various personality disorders, so at this age it is still early to know exactly, there maybe still doubts, because the individual diagnosed has to have had repetitive actions of either suicide, depression, anxiety and Bipolar.At the age of 16-20 years the psychiatrist or clinician might just diagnose and say you only have one of the disorders mentioned above. According to the American Psychiatry Association, the individual has to be 18 years old to be diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder, so basically that means at 16-20 years the disorder is at its early stages, and might be difficult for the psychiatrist to easily diagnose it. It is at early adult hood between 22 years and upwards the psychiatrist can easily pick up from the ongoing patterns of impulsive behaviors. . How its patterns affect self image and interpersonal relationships People with Borderline Personality Disorder are frequently angry and are difficult to live with due to their actions and symptoms of impulsive behavior, sometimes they are happy sometimes they are not happy, these patterns can really confuse a relative and making it difficult to tolerate such a person. 5. 1 Family and Friends Family and friends are usually the first to be affected when their relative has Borderline Personality Disorder.Since clinicians and psychiatrists take time in diagnosing this disorder it does get difficult for the family to deal with it since they do not understand what is wrong with them. People with Borderline Personality Disorder are affected in the way they think and see things and can affect the way they see their family and friends. Since it is also caused by the way they have been nurtured at a young age, those experiences can affect the way people treat them. Some of their family and friends cannot really keep up with their impulsive behaviors, and end up resenting and rejecting them.They are also fearful of how they will end up since they are involved also in dangerous acts. 5. 2 Self Image The way one sees themselves determines how they will respond and interprete situations they face. People with Borderline Personality Disorder do not believe in themselves since they are fearful and suicidal, so in some instances they lack in productivity. They cannot control situations they are involved in due to their impulsive behaviors, and they are stressful and face many other challenges due to their personalities.Their different patterns affect even their careers, one moment they are productive and impressive the next moment they are on a downfall. With the loss of some close relatives due to their behavior can lead to their change in self image, leading them next relationships to be very sensitive. They usually expect a lot from people and if they do not get what they want they will end up being disappointed. The change in self image may lead to them thinking they are irrelevant and they are not needed by anyone. 6. ConclusionThere are problems related in diagnosing16-20 year olds with Borderline Personality Disorder, because it is a pervasive patterns of instability which includes a variety of other disorders, making it hard for clinicians and psychiatrists to diagnose it. Its development it is still not exactly known and shows up at a later stage even thought it starts at a younger age. It does also affect the relationship s the person has with their friends, family and also the way they see themselves due to their behavior. 7. References 1. Goodman, M. , Hazlett, E. A. , New, A. S. , Koenigsberg, H.W. , & Siever, L. (2009). Quieting the effective storm of Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166,522-528. 2. Grohol, J. , (2010). B orderline Personality Disorder. Psych Central. Retrived on May 04, 2012, from http://psychcentral. com/lib/2007/symptoms-of-borderline-personality-disorder/ 3. Gunderson, J. G. (2009). Borderline Personality Disorder: Ontogeny of a diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166,530-539. 4. Kernberg, O. F. , Michels, R. (2009) Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166,505-508.

Communication Monographs Essay

Hospice Employees are the employees providing care to those for the sick and terminally ill; they are staffed by physicians, nurses home health aides, social workers, counselors, clergy, and community volunteers. Hospices are a specially trained team that develops a care okay to trail patients’ needs for pain. This study explores the communication of compassion at work, and extends past research on compassion, highlighting its complete nature and a model that presents its communication action. The study was done to bring attention to the discrete details of each patient’s situation is fundamental to the communicative compassion sub process of recognizing. The method of analysis were relied upon a two-level iterative analysis, alternately using etic-level categories bas on existing research and theory and emic level categories that emerged from the data and participant’s voices (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Open coding was engaged then identifying relationships and second-level analytic themes in the codes was processed. The open codes were classified into groups, analytic memos explored the categories, and data was recorded then used theoretically. Interviews with 29 nurses were completed, and the hypothesis stated was ‘Conceptualization not only captures the sub process of compassion, but also highlights the integral role of communication’. Compassion is accomplished through communication behaviors and attending verbal social support, in order to influence organizational performance and work outcomes. Many researchers show that people prefer to die at home, surrounded by their loved ones, and free of pain. But hospice advocates less obtrusive end-of-life techniques, trying to keep the dying free from pain, which is referred to as ‘death with dignity’. Hospice supports physical and psychosocial needs, nursing dying patients and their families. Compassion fatigue is a form of traumatic stress, resulting from extra care, as it is told to be the ‘cost of caring’. The concept evolved from the study of employers who witness suffering (example; nurses) (Abendroth & Flannery, 2006). All employee is inauthentic or organizationally mandated, employees feel ‘put on’ sometimes, the work becomes emotional and they feel that they are authentically expressing warranted emotion. Healthcare provides new jobs and opportunities to workers; hospice workers often enter such jobs with the idea of ‘helping others’, or ‘making a difference’ to this world. However, research shows employees who work in such personal social service cares, experience the highest rates of depression in the US (NSDUH report, 2007). Burnout; conceptualized as a consequence of caregiving stressors is characterized by; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or a negative shift in responses to others, mainly clients, and a decreased sense of personal accomplishments (Debbie, 2008). Sociologist Clark (1997) insisted on understanding the social and cultural phenomenon of sympathy, and engaged in a collection of analysis. Clark’s study was developed by Kanov et al. (2004); identifying three interrelated processes: noticing another’s emotional state, feeling the other’s pain (through empathic concern), and responding by working to alleviate another’s suffering. Volunteer activities included direct patient care, such as feeding, grooming, changing beds, and providing both the patient and the patients family care. Recognizing is necessary is holistic nature of hospice care, as it implies we understand the value in others’ communicative cues, timing, and context, as well as the cracks between messages. Relating also took several forms of hospice; as you have to relate to the patients position, feel with them and stand by them. Reacting, also plays a role in hospice, how the employee reacts with a client affects the client. In conclusion, emotional connections are the keys to compassion. Two communication issues are revealed in this article; firstly, if a hospice misbehaves towards a client it affects the feelings of the client, and secondly, hospices jobs aren’t as easy as they seem, as it is leading to high depression rates. This study reveals that the contours of compassion in organizational life are complex and dynamic, which I personally agree on. The hypothesis stated was proven, and makes complete sense ‘Conceptualization highlights the integral role of communication’. Helping provide insight on adaptive and energizing emotional processes and illustrating how work can be meaningful, important, and lead to human growth is an important factor to our lives. Care, generosity and compassion should be traded within workplaces. Other Resources: 1. The ACTive intervention in hospice interdisciplinary team meetings: Exploring family caregiver and hospice team communication journal of computer- mediated communication Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles, PhD (April 1, 2010) 2. Improving the way we die: A coorienation study assessing agreement/disagreement in the organization-public relationship of hospices and physicians Journal of health communication Kathleen S. Kelly, Micheal F. Thompson, Richard D. Waters (September 1, 2006) 3. Hospice and the intangible wonders of being Mary Josephone Mahoney (April 1, 2009)

Traditional Chinese marriages.

Traditional Chinese marriages. Ember (2002, p.343) defines marriage as "a socially approved sexual and economic union, usually between a woman and a man". Because marriage customs differ widely according to culture, it is obviously of great interest to the cultural anthropologist. For example, marriage rites in some cultures may involve highly complex ceremonial rituals, whereas marriage rites in other cultures may be relatively simple. The Chinese (in this essay, meaning native inhabitants of China) seem to have an affinity for elaborate rituals; like other Chinese celebrations, a traditional Chinese marriage involves several elaborate rituals, some of which are performed before the actual wedding day. This essay will examine each part of the wedding from the perspective of a particular Chinese subculture.'Visiting girls' is a courtship ritual practiced by the Dai ethnic group that typically takes place during the agricultural slack season (An Liu, 2002). When the lights in their houses have been put out, bonfir es are built outside the village (ibid).Young Couple in Relationship ConflictYoung women sit around the fires with their spinning wheels (ibid). Young men drape themselves with red blankets and walk around the young women as they play musical instruments (ibid). When a young man sees a young woman who strikes his fancy, he approaches her slowly (ibid). If the attraction is mutual, the young woman takes out a small stool which has been concealed under her long skirt and invites him to sit beside her (ibid). The young man then seats himself and wraps his red blanket around the young woman (ibid). A heart-to-heart talk then ensues (ibid).Two weeks before the wedding takes place, the Hokkien matchmaker delivers the dowry money to the bride's parents inside a red packet (Blu Inc Media (S) Pte Ltd., 1999). This traditional practice is known as "lup chai" (ibid). It is considered good...

How to write a job specification - Emphasis

How to write a job specification How to write a job specification Its the start of the new year and the UK is sitting on a glut of unwanted Christmas presents. Matching present to person is seldom an easy task. It takes time and effort. But in the run up to Christmas, many people will have taken a wild stab in the dark; picking up something passable from a department store and hoping for the best. Little wonder then that the bill for unwanted gifts is an estimated 700 million (according to recent research by eBay and market-research firm TNS). When it comes to choosing a new recruit, no HR professional would ever use this haphazard approach. But sometimes you can outline exactly what you want in a job specification and still end up with the equivalent of a naff jumper. Communicating with prospective candidates is not a perfect science. But its disheartening to trawl through CVs or application forms that bear little relation to the qualities that you carefully described. Not to mention a waste of time and money. In such a situation, the problem is that somewhere along the line, what the hirer meant was lost in translation. And even though they may have received some spot-on applications, theyll be unable to shake the feeling that theyve lost the opportunity to find the largest pool of talented individuals. If thats ever happened to you, the good news is that learning some writing skills techniques can help you to be as clear and concise as possible increasing your chances of finding the ideal people for your positions. So here are my seven tips for writing winning job specifications that will resonate with job hunters. One Examine why you need the role to start with. To do this you can brainstorm using the headings who?, what?, where?, when?, and why? Make sure that the role fits your departmental processes and that you are not empire building. And be realistic about the nature of the role. Whether the role is temporary or permanent, you need to understand the commitment of either structure to the organisation. Two Before you begin writing the job spec, focus your thoughts on the job hunter. Avoid a one-size-fits-all approach by asking yourself: Who will read it? How much do they already know about the prospective job? What do they absolutely need to know? What will excite my ideal candidate? What response do I want from them? Then write a clear description of duties and include the key deliverables. Whether its a junior or senior role, use language that the level of applicant you want to attract will understand even if this includes jargon. But avoid management speak at all costs. Three Be honest about the duties of the role. In most situations, candidates will appreciate your candour about the level of energy required. And it will help you find someone with the right level of drive that the role requires. Four Write a summary of your company and department. And include an organisation chart defining where the position sits. It also helps to provide some background information explaining why the role has been created and how it will integrate into the organisation. Five Outline both the hard and soft skills and experience required to make the role a success. Make your writing reader-centred by using words such as you, we and us. Opt for verbs instead of nouns. For example, instead of Were looking for a hardworking consultant for the completion of an IT project write Were looking for a hardworking consultant to complete an IT project. And choose simple words over more complicated ones. Its better to say you want someone enthusiastic (or even keen) rather than someone ebullient. Six Clearly define the location, salary, benefits, duration of contract (if necessary) and start date. And make sure you account for statutory requirements, such as procurement or legal terms and conditions. Seven Finally, ensure your contact details are included and end with a call to action. Something simple such as, If this sounds like you, call the human resources department now will encourage candidates to take action. Remember to keep your focus on your ideal candidate throughout the writing process, and youll increase the chances of securing the perfect match. Robert Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis.

Compare and contrast the themes and acting or visual style of two Term Paper

Compare and contrast the themes and acting or visual style of two films direct by Robert Zemeckis, except Back to the Future - Term Paper Example Both of them were the super hit films of their times. In this paper a comparison and contrast of the central idea of the two films is made by analyzing the scenes of the films in detail. â€Å"Contact† presents the ideas about future. Eleanor Arroway believes in SETI, the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. As a young astronomer, inspired by her father, she tries to set up a contact between humans and aliens. After a lot of effort she is able to make her first contact with the aliens. This incident fills her with fervor and enthusiasm. She invites the astronomers from the whole world to discuss the matter. When the sound signals are analyzed, it is revealed that the aliens are asking the humans to build a machine. The project is carried on with about half a trillion dollars and the machine is built. Eleanor Arroway volunteers herself to be the passenger of the machine. As the machine is launched, it takes Eleanor to another world where she meets with her father. Her fat her discloses some facts to her and she is returned back to home without any evidence. The world finds it difficult to believe on the story of Eleanor, but the unrevealed secrets do present a proof to the claim of Eleanor. Meanwhile, during the course of her struggle, she has an affair with Palmer Joss, a spiritual guide. He is the man who believes in Ellie’s tour to space. Although the film is based on fiction, yet it presents a clear theme. The theme of the film is that humans are extraordinary creatures. They have abilities, not known to even themselves. They do not realize their powers. If they try, they can surely bring a revolution in the whole universe. The above discussed theme seems to be persistent throughout the movie. Ellie, as a child, is inspired by her father because he believes in the ultimate powers of human beings and the vastness of the universe. Then, in her life, she struggles with this concept in her mind, and ultimately she is able to develop a contact with the foreign intelligence. Her pursuit to her goal brings her the fruit of success. She is able to make the first human journey into the stars and deep space. This all depicts the central theme of the film that human nature is mysterious. Mysterious in a sense, that no one can predict; how far the end point of human approach is. This theme of the film is strong enough to convince its viewers. We see thousands of new discoveries and inventions in our daily life. Everyday thousands of scientific innovations are presented throughout the world. We can not say; when this unbroken series of inventions and discoveries will end. The newer and newer inventions and discoveries tell us that human nature is indeed mysterious. There is no end point to it. The main idea of the film is also supported when Ellie meets her father in the other world. The appearance of her father, as an alien, does not look so inspiring. The use of a typical alien appearance should have been better, instead of Ell ie’s father. But, the points argued by her father are really strong. He speaks, to her, of the vast approach of human power. He attributes the development of contact and the making of the machine to humans. He tells her that humans are worth a lot. They see beautiful dreams and horrible nightmares. They can visualize their ideas by transforming these into real. Her father’s words act a source of great inspiration for her, to

Euro Mosaic Segmentation Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euro Mosaic Segmentation Method - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that today’s world market of products is experiencing high competition not only by more competitors but also varieties in consumer’s demands and needs. To ease marketers for fulfilling the demands of customers, different consumers are segmented into different bases. â€Å"Global market segmentation is the process of identifying specific segments, whether they be country groups or individual customer groups, of potential customers with homogeneous attributes who are likely to exhibit similar behavior†. Geodemographic classifications put a step towards consumer segmentation. The more difficult markets to assess are those in which there appears to be a discrepancy between the long- and short-term attractiveness. Euro Mosaic claims to be the first pan-European segmentation system allows the classification of 500 million consumers across the European Union on the basis of the types of the neighborhood in which they live. It focuses on many dimensions for segmentation of a product like Elite suburbs, average areas, luxury flats, low-income inner-city, high-rise social housing, industrial communities, dynamic families, low-income families, rural agricultural and vacation retirement. In European Geodemographics Conference 1st April 2009, Andy Bell of Eurodirect told about the changing political, economic and cultural faces of Europe and the opportunities these are bringing for global businesses.... Companies can now access a variety of public datasets (censuses and social surveys for example) as well as market research and list broking resources, many of which are moving east into the wider Europe. Countries in Europe have widely differing per capita incomes and in creating a European segmentation it is important to capture both absolute and relative differences between areas – to avoid, for example, all areas of the poorest countries being classified into the poorest segment. Also, pictorial representations of segments, whilst popular in national systems, can be confusing or misleading if applied on a pan-European basis. (Peter Furness, 2009) Euro Mosaic Segmentation is frequently used in many countries for different product fields. A well-established system which overcomes most of the difficulties and encompasses both geodemographic and behavioral lifestyle factors is the CCN ACORN/MOSAIC system. The system was originally pioneered in the UK market and extended in resp onse to an increasing number of requests from multinational clients, looking for a common and consistent European-based consumer targeting system (MOSAIC Today, 1993). Use of MOSAIC segmentation method is very popular in industries. This gives many advantages to the businesses, companies, product fields and world market of goods and services. MOSAIC segmentation method develops the customer profiles and databases on different bases. This provides many uses in retailing and trade business. "A major concern to the retail location analyst is that, given the assertive marketing of such companies, it is more difficult to evaluate critically the bases and appropriateness of the packages offered."